Edible Oil-Based Extraction of Cannabis sativa L. Roots: Effect of Solvent and Temperature on Friedelin Yield and Antioxidant Activity

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using food supplement from Avena sativa L., and their antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-aging activities: In vitro and in silico studies

Antioxidant, anti-microbial and antimutagenicity activities of pistachio ( Pistachia vera) green hull extract

The antioxidant capacity of doum fruit extract and the total phenolic content were analyzed. The antioxidant capacity was estimated by DPPH and iron chelating assays. Quercetin, ascorbic, BHT and tannic were used as positive controls. Also the effect of doum extract on viability of acute myeloid leukemia was studied. The results showed that the total phenolic content were 0.5 µg/ 3 µg dried extract sample as quercetin. In iron chelating assay the result showed that 800 µg/ml doum extract gave the best antioxidant activity (21% inhibition). In DPPH assay the 1000 µg/ml extract exhibited 50% antioxidant activity (IC50) but 1500 µg/ml extract exhibited 80% antioxidant activity. In the viability test, the results showed that half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of doum extract was found to be 3 µg/ml. The result indicated that the doum extract could be an important dietary source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant and anticancer activities. Key words: Hyphaene thebaica, total phenols, antioxidant and anticancer activities, AML.

Natural extracts of macroalgae are widely recognized for their antioxidant properties. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of various aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from red and green marine algae and from one marine lichen collected from different sites in southern Spain (intertidal and estuarine waters) was evaluated by different methods: ABTS free radical scavenging assay, DPPH assay, and beta-carotene bleaching method (BBM). Contents of total lipids, total carbohydrates, and UV photoprotectors with antioxidant capacity, such as mycosporine-like amino acids and phenolic compounds, were determined. Among the extraction solvents, the highest extraction yield was observed in H2O and 20% MeOH (v/v). The highest antioxidant activity was found in the extracts of the red macroalgae Hydropuntia cornea, Gracilariopsis longissima, Halopithys incurva, and Porphyra umbilicalis, whereas the lowest activity was detected in the green macroalga Ulva rotundata. In general, the antioxidant activity was higher using DPPH than BBM and ABTS. Even so, the ABTS assay is an easy and quick test that provides a comprehensive view of the entire extract in both the lipophilic medium and hydrophilic medium. The antioxidant activity was related to the composition of bioactive compounds and synergistic action is not discarded. The biotechnological use of macroalgal extracts with high antioxidant capacity is discussed.

Antioxidants from natural ingredients such as medicinal plants are crucial to improving endogenous antioxidant defense system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and capacity of boiled and infused Indonesian herbals using DPPH (2,2-iphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) assay. The DPPH assay was conducted with triplicate repetitions to 10 herbals (Phyllanthus niruri, Lantana camara, Piper crocatum, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Moringa oleifera, Tamarindus indica, Kaempferia galanga, Citrus aurantifolia, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Zingiber officinale), each consisting of boiled and infused samples. The antioxidant activities of those herbals were (boiled and infused samples, respectively): 91.88 %, 91.30 % (P. niruri), 92.14 %, 86.60 % (L. camara), 53.39 %, 58.99 % (P. crocatum), 18.73 %, 20.86 % (C. xanthorrhiza), 51.35 %, 59.96 % (M. oleifera), 63.60 %, 16.95 % (T. indica), 13.14 %, 18.82 % (K. galanga), 20.46 %,69.24 %. (C. aurantifolia), 34.49 %, 34.40 % (H. sabdariffa), and 27.16 %, 26.01 % (Z. officinale). P. niruri and L. camara reached the high R2 value. P. niruri and L. camara reached the stable antioxidant activity after 50 minutes, while the other herbals after 60 minutes. P. niruri and L. camara were the 2 herbals with the highest antioxidant activity and slightly lower antioxidant capacity. The other herbals had lower antioxidant activity and higher antioxidant capacity. There was no significant difference in antioxidant activity between boiled and infused samples of all herbals, except T. indica and C. aurantifolia.

Asparagus albus (A. albus); plant species of Asparagaceae family is commonly used for a variety of medicinal purposes in various countries. However, its pharmacological properties remain underexplored. The present study aims to investigate the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and α-amylase inhibitory activities of A. albus leaves hydroethanolic extract. To assess the antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were used. In addition, the immunomodulatory potential was evaluated using the MTT assay on thymocyte and splenocyte. Additionally, in order to explore the antidiabetic activity of the extract, we studied its capacity to inhibit α-amylase enzyme. The results showed that A. albus hydroethanolic extract has potential antioxidant activity with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 243.6 ± 5.91 µg/ml in DPPH assay, 8.36 mg BHT equivalent (E)/g extract (Ext) and 3.2 mg Ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g Ext in FRAP and ABTS tests, respectively. In addition, the extract displayed an immunomodulatory effect on thymocytes and splenocytes depending on the concentration, and showed an inhibition activity against α-amylase with an IC50 of 2.67 mg/ml. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the pharmacological properties of A. albus, namely, its antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antidiabetic effects, supporting its traditional medicinal use, and suggesting its relevance for the development of therapeutics.

Zoopharmacognosy is the study of the self-medication behaviors of non-human animals that use plant, animal or soil items as remedies. Recent studies have shown that some of the plants employed by animals may also be used for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Ceiba pentandra, Myrianthus arboreus, Ficus subspecies (ssp.) and Milicia excelsa bark crude extracts (BCE), plants consumed by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park (MDNP) and used in traditional medicine, and then to characterize their phytochemical compounds. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl), phosphomolybdenum complex and β-carotene bleaching methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using the microdilution method. The highest level of total phenolics was found in Myrianthus arboreus aqueous extract [385.83 ± 3.99 mg [gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g]. Total flavonoid (134.46 ± 3.39) mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g of extract] were highest in Milicia excelsa, tannin [(272.44 ± 3.39) mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/100 g of extract] in Myrianthus arboreus and proanthocyanidin [(404.33 ± 3.39) mg apple procyanidins equivalent (APE)/100 g of extract] in Ceiba pentandra. Ficus ssp. (IC50 1.34 ±3.36 μg/mL; AAI 18.57 ± 0.203) ethanolic BCE and Milicia excelsa (IC50 2.07 ± 3.37 μg/mL; AAI 12.03 ± 0.711) showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Myrianthus arboreus ethanolic BCE (73.25 ± 5.29) and Milicia excelsa aqueous BCE (38.67 ± 0.27) showed the strongest percentage of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Ceiba pentandra ethanolic BCE (152.06 ± 19.11 mg AAE/g) and Ficus ssp aqueous BCE (124.33 ± 39.05 mg AAE/g) showed strongest relative antioxidant activity (RAA). The plant BCE showed antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli (DECs) isolates, with MICs varying from 1.56 to 50 mg/mL and inhibition diameters ranging from 7.34 ± 0.57 to 13.67 ± 0.57mm. Several families of compounds were found, including total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and proanthocyanidins were found in the plant BCEs. The plant BCEs showed antioxidant activities with free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities against 10 MDR E. coli (DECs) isolates, and could be a promising novel source for new drug discovery.

Zoopharmacognosy is the study of the self-medication behaviors of non-human animals that use plant, animal or soil items as remedies. Recent studies have shown that some of the plants employed by animals may also be used for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Ceiba pentandra, Myrianthus arboreus, Ficus subspecies (ssp.) and Milicia excelsa bark crude extracts (BCE), plants consumed by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park (MDNP) and used in traditional medicine, and then to characterize their phytochemical compounds. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl), phosphomolybdenum complex and β-carotene bleaching methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using the microdilution method. The highest level of total phenolics was found in Myrianthus arboreus aqueous extract [385.83 ± 3.99 mg [gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g]. Total flavonoid (134.46 ± 3.39) mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g of extract] were highest in Milicia excelsa, tannin [(272.44 ± 3.39) mg tannic acid equivalent (TAE)/100 g of extract] in Myrianthus arboreus and proanthocyanidin [(404.33 ± 3.39) mg apple procyanidins equivalent (APE)/100 g of extract] in Ceiba pentandra. Ficus ssp. (IC50 1.34 ±3.36 μg/mL; AAI 18.57 ± 0.203) ethanolic BCE and Milicia excelsa (IC50 2.07 ± 3.37 μg/mL; AAI 12.03 ± 0.711) showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Myrianthus arboreus ethanolic BCE (73.25 ± 5.29) and Milicia excelsa aqueous BCE (38.67 ± 0.27) showed the strongest percentage of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Ceiba pentandra ethanolic BCE (152.06 ± 19.11 mg AAE/g) and Ficus ssp aqueous BCE (124.33 ± 39.05 mg AAE/g) showed strongest relative antioxidant activity (RAA). The plant BCE showed antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli (DECs) isolates, with MICs varying from 1.56 to 50 mg/mL and inhibition diameters ranging from 7.34 ± 0.57 to 13.67 ± 0.57mm. Several families of compounds were found, including total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and proanthocyanidins were found in the plant BCEs. The plant BCEs showed antioxidant activities with free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities against 10 MDR E. coli (DECs) isolates, and could be a promising novel source for new drug discovery.

Introduction: Physalis angulata Linn. contains chemical components, such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids, that can neutralize free radicals. This study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of Physalis angulata Linn. using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and BCB (β-Carotene Bleaching) methods. Methods: Roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of Physalis angulata Linn. were extracted using 70% ethanol as a solvent and then extracted by sonication. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), and BCB (β-Carotene Bleaching). Results: Antioxidant activity assays of Physalis angulata Linn. using various methods showed that the highest antioxidant activity was found in the following parts in the respective order: fruit at 25.09 ppm (BCB method); leaves at 165.45 ppm (ABTS), leaves at 158.80 ppm (DPPH), 45513.04 μM/g (FRAP), and 30567.90 μM/g (CUPRAC); roots at 615.65 ppm (ABTS), 14039.13 μM/g (FRAP), and 11234.56 μM/g (CUPRAC); stems at 730.47 ppm (ABTS), 95.32 ppm (BCB), 2278.26 μM/g (FRAP), and 10817.90 μM/g (CUPRAC). Discussion: The antioxidant test using the thin-layer chromatography method was indicated by the white plate changing to a purple background. Samples containing antioxidants were indicated by the presence of yellow on the TLC plate. The fruit of Physalis angulata Linn. exhibited higher antioxidant activity with a value of 25.09 ppm, indicating very strong antioxidant intensity. This was supported by the presence of flavonoid content in the fruits of Physalis angulata Linn. Conclusion: The fruit of Physalis angulata Linn. exhibits higher antioxidant activity with a value of 25.09 ppm, indicating very strong antioxidant intensity using the β-Carotene Bleaching method.

Introduction: Measuring of natural antioxidants power is important in the food industry. Ferula gummosa Boiss. plant, locally called Barijeh, is a member of genus Ferula belonging to the Apiaceae family. To introduce endemic natural antioxidants, antioxidant capacity of alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts of F. gummosa Boiss. was investigated. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant levels and activities between flower and leaf extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss. plant by different assay methods. Method: The antioxidant activity of flower and leaf extracts of F. gummosa Boiss. was assessed usingferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In addition, phenolic content of the extracts was measured byFolin-Ciocalteu (FC) method. Results: Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay showed that leaf extract has more antioxidant activity compared to flower extract. DPPH assay had similar results. A slow kinetic behavior was found for methanol extracts of both tissues (EC50 of 0.21 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL for leaf and flower methanol extracts, respectively) which was estimated by kinetic mode of DPPH assay. The ORAC assay showed higher values for methanolic extracts compared to ethanolic extracts. Except for ORAC assay, a significant positive correlation was found between antioxidant data of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. Conclusion: These findings suggest that high antiradical potential and reducing power of the alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of the aerial parts of F. gummosa Boiss. correspond to a high phenolic content in these plant parts. The high antioxidant activity of the F. gummosa Boiss. could propound the hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant as a therapeutic agent to prevent and treat diseases due to free radical imbalance in the body.

The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of Globularia cordifolia L. The plant material was collected and extracted using the maceration method. Antioxidant activities were assessed through DPPH (i.e. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and iron chelation assays, whereas phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify biologically active compounds. The cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells was evaluated using MTT [i.e. 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] assays, and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular docking studies investigated the interactions of bioactive compounds with the 4UYA protein, and ADME (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) modeling predicted their toxicity. The study revealed that the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 39.48 ± 2.15 μg mL-1 in the DPPH assay and an effective iron chelation capacity with an IC50 value of 4.28 ± 0.19 mg mL-1. The total phenolic content was 662.51 ± 20.95 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1, and the flavonoid content was 114.99 ± 0.51 mg quercetin equivalents g-1, demonstrating the extract's richness in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Significant antiproliferative effects were observed in colon cancer cells at a dose of 250 μg mL-1. Inflammatory cytokine analysis indicated a reduction in pro-inflammatory responses. Molecular docking studies showed strong binding affinities between the bioactive compounds and the 4UYA protein, suggesting the mechanisms of action. The findings indicate that G. cordifolia extract exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties, making it a promising biomolecular agent for colon cancer therapy. The high phenolic and flavonoid contents, combined with the bioactive compounds' interactions with key molecular targets, underscore its potential therapeutic applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

To define the extraction process, main components and antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of volatile oil from fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum) leaves and its active substance basis. Response surface methodology was used for optimum supercritical CO_2 extraction conditions of essential oil from fenugreek leaves. The main components of volatile oil were analyzed by GC-MS, its antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ABTS) free radical, and the antimicrobial effect of volatile oil was evaluated by K-B paper AGAR diffusion method. The results showed that the optimal extraction temperature was 50 ℃, the extraction time was 89 min, and the extraction pressure was 35 MPa. Under the conditions, the optimum extracting yield of volatile oil was 1.72%,which was about 1.5 times higher than that of the conventional steam distillation. A total of 52 compounds were found based on reference substance retention time and GC-MS fragmentation information or the existing literatures, and the major compounds were oleic acid(9.65%), carveol(9.41%), n-hexadecanoic acid(9.1%), linoleic acid(6.95%), methyl linolenate(5.4%), petroselinic acid(5.3%), testosterone(3.4%), sotolon(1.75%). The volatile oil of fenugreek showed moderate antioxidant activities in DPPH assay(IC_(50) value of 0.473 mg·mL~(-1)) and ABTS test(IC_(50) value of 0.107 mg·mL~(-1)). The oil had a stronger antimicrobial activity in vitro. MIC of the volatile oil ranged from 0.375 to 1.5 mg·mL~(-1). The results showed that the optimized volatile oil extraction process was stable, and the extraction yield was high. Fenugreek leaves contained a variety of volatile components, with obvious antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This study provides a certain theoretical basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of fenugreek.

Bauhinia forficata Link (Fabaceae), commonly known in Brazil as “pata-de-vaca”, is a native South America tree traditionally used for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, and other organic disturbs [1]. These dysfunctions are associated with oxidative stress and cellular damage. In addition, the major phytochemical group of secondary metabolites presents in this specie is phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids [2]. Keeping this in view, the current study investigated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract (EE) and hexane (HF), dichloromethane (DF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and butanol (BF) fractions obtained from B. forficata leaves. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching assays [3,4]. As reference substances, rutin and ascorbic acid (AA) were used in DPPH and FRAP assays, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), rutin and quercetin in β-carotene bleaching method. Tests were performed in triplicate. Results were expressed as mean ± S.D. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). In the DPPH and FRAP assays, all results showed statistically significant difference, possessing EC50 values (µg.mL-1) ranging from 27.95 ± 0.33 (EAF) to 193.62 ± 1.12 (HF) for DPPH assay, and from 21.12 ± 0.52 (EAF) to 328.45 ± 3.23 (DF) for FRAP test, respectively. In the β-carotene bleaching method, the percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (%I) of EE (67.07 ± 1.48) and HF (71.52 ± 0.00) showed no statistically significant difference regarding BHT (67.23 ± 2.07). All this data indicate that B. forficata appears to be a potential source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant activity for several applications.

In this study, the stem bark of Artocarpus kemando was used to find alternative antioxidants from natural sources with fewer side effects. A. kemando wasextracted successively using hexane, chloroform and methanol solvents, and evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antiproliferative activities. The extracts were investigated for determination of their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Then, the antioxidant activities were evaluated using chemical based assays such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothia zoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), β-carotene-linoleic acid (BC) assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and cell based assay. The cytotoxic study was done using four different cell lines namely human estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line (MCF7), human ovarian cancer cell line (CAOV-3), human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL60), and normal immortalised human ovarian surface epithelial cell line (TI074), and were evaluated using microculture tetrazolium salt (MTT) before morphological change study was done on CAOV-3 cell. In this study, methanol extract displayed the most promising antioxidant activity compared to other extracts when tested with DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, TAOC, BC,ORAC, and cytoprotective assays. The remarkable activity showed by the methanol extract might be due to its high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds at 855.5 ± 0.01 GAE μg/mL and 145.45 ± 0.06 QAE μg/mL, respectively. Nevertheless, the chloroform extract displayed better scavenging activity compared to other extracts with IC50 value of 618 ± 0.04 μg/mL in DPPH assay. Each extract was analysed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry and the chemical constituents obtained were then analysed. In the cytoprotective activity, the methanol extract showed a comparable cytoprotection with ascorbic acid against the free radicals at the lowest effective concentration (EC50) value of 21.48 μg/mL. However, in the cytotoxicity study, only chloroform extract displayed significant toxicity against the cancer cells with IC50 value of 27.9 ± 0.03, 24.1 ± 0.02 and 9.0 ± 0.04 μg/mL after treatment at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The chloroform extract of A. kemando was found capable of inducing apoptosis as shown with cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies. The results obtained from the study showed that A. kemando bark could be a potential antioxidant and antitumor agents particularly on human ovarian cancer cells.

Cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao) is one of Indonesia's most important commodities and is widely used as a raw material in various industries. Until now, cocoa fruit has primarily been used for its seeds, while its skin has not been widely explored. This study aims to formulate a peel-off mask from cacao husk and determine its antioxidant activity. The antioxidant test method used was the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Analysis results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. However, the peel-off mask formulation made with a combination of the ethyl acetate fraction of cocoa husk and polyvinyl alcohol was unstable due to changes in its characteristics during storage. Nevertheless, the resulting peel-off mask exhibited relatively strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 6.819 ppm for the ethyl acetate fraction and 11.596 ppm for the mask. These results suggest that cocoa husk contains bioactive compounds that support strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, cocoa husk has great potential as an active ingredient in cosmetic formulations. However, further formula optimization is needed to improve the formulation's stability while maintaining optimal antioxidant activity.