Abstract
In aquatic environments, organisms are exposed to mixtures of pollutants which may change the toxicity profile of each contaminant, compared to its toxicity alone. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and cadmium (Cd) are among the pollutants that co-occur in aquatic environments. To date, most research about their toxicity towards aquatic vertebrates is based on single exposure experiments. The present study aims to evaluate single and combined effects of CBZ and Cd on biomarkers in female Danio rerio (zebrafish) by exposing them to environmentally relevant concentrations of these two pollutants for ten days. Four kinds of biomarkers involved in antioxidant systems, energy metabolism, nervous system, and endocrine disruption, respectively, were studied. Our research results coincided with those of former studies in single exposure experiments. However, the combined exposure of CBZ and Cd exerted different responses from other studies in which these two contaminants were examined alone in zebrafish. The present study evidenced the need to conduct more coexposure studies to enhance the environmental relevance of these experimental results.
Highlights
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely used in daily life throughout the world [1], which lead to their frequent detection in different environments [2,3,4]
We aimed to evaluate the single and combined effects of these two pollutants on several biomarkers involved in different biochemical process, such as antioxidant systems, energy metabolism, nervous system, and reproduction/endocrine disruption in zebrafish, by exposing female zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations for ten days
The present study implies that the combination of CBZ and Cd exerted different responses from those of the contaminants alone in female zebrafish
Summary
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely used in daily life throughout the world [1], which lead to their frequent detection in different environments [2,3,4]. PPCPs have been recognized as emerging pollutants, whose potential adverse effects on nontarget organisms have drawn more and more attention [5,6]. Carbamazepine (CBZ) has been widely used in the treatment of epilepsy, psychomotor attacks, and trigeminal neuralgia effects [7]. 30% of oral CBZ dosage is excreted in urine and feces in its unaltered form [8]. Its continuous discharge and long half-life in water leads to its frequent detection in aquatic systems [11]. The concentration of CBZ in aquatic systems was reported to range from 0.03 to
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