Economy and Ethnicity. The Recolta Agricultural Cooperative as a Driver of Local Economic and Social Resilience in the Village of Csanálos

The study examines the impact of the agricultural associations of two Swabian settlements – Mezőfény (Foieni) and Mezőpetri (Petrești) – on the local economy and society. Agricultural associations played an important role at the beginning of the process of agrarian transformation after the regime change in Romania. The successor organisations of the socialist agricultural associations, now established on a voluntary basis, were able to counteract the impoverishment caused by the reparcelling or forced reparcelling of land during the long transitional period, while at the same time exploiting their monopoly position to prevent the emergence of individual and family farmers. The risk-averse, self-reliant economic model of the associations is reminiscent of the peasant, self-sufficient farm organisation. The associations can thus be seen as a very specific form of post-socialist post-peasant production systems.

This paper refines the fuzzy logic method, while constructing a theoretical model of the relationship between economic resilience, social resilience and ecological resilience, and evaluates the coupling coordination between the economic-social-ecological resilience of 197 prefecture-level cities in China's urban agglomerations in 2019. Findings include: (1) The mean ecological resilience of China's urban agglomerations in 2019 was the highest, followed by economic and social resilience. (2) Promoting urban agglomerations had higher resilience scores in the three dimensions, especially in the economic dimension. Growing urban agglomerations had low resilience values on the whole, especially economic resilience. (3) The mean coupling coordination degree of economic-social-ecological resilience ranged from near-incoordination to narrow balance. (4) The coupling coordination degree between the two coincided with the positioning of existing urban agglomerations. (5) Economic resilience had the most significant impact on the coupling coordination. Finally, we give differentiated countermeasures to improve the resilience of urban agglomerations. This study aims to contribute to the promotion of urban resilience research, and helps to plan and design more rational urban economic-social-ecological systems, thereby enhancing the ability of cities to cope with any uncertainties and contingencies.

The paper focuses on comparisons of the size of the labour force between cooperatives and other legal forms of enterprises in agricultural area. Precisely, the purpose of the paper is to analyse differences between cooperatives and other enterprises in the agricultural sector in the context of employment. An empirical analysis is done on the example of Polish agricultural production cooperatives (APC) and other farming entities. The paper brings answers to the following research questions: Do the agricultural cooperatives provide more employment than other farming entities? What was the level of employment in agricultural cooperatives and other farming entities and what will it be? How does the level of employment influence the profitability of agricultural cooperatives and other farming entities?The conclusions are made on the basis of an analysis of the “List of the 300 best agricultural enterprises” prepared by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – the National Research Institute in Poland. The analysis includes the following types of agricultural enterprises: agricultural production cooperatives, government-owned companies, individual farms, private companies and other farming entities. The time range of this research covers the years 2009–2015. The comparisons are made using analysis of variance, extrapolation method and correlation analysis.The main finding is that there are no clear and significant differences between agricultural production cooperatives and other farming entities in terms of the level of employment, its impact on the overall profitability and partially on increase thereof. However, some of the entities are able to create a lot of jobs. Moreover, they can increase the return on sales by increasing the level of employment and maintain the existing jobs even in the time of a crisis.

Identification and evaluation of the components and factors affecting social and economic resilience in city of Rudbar, Iran

The paper focuses on comparisons of the size of the labour force between cooperatives and other legal forms of enterprises in agricultural area. Precisely, the purpose of the paper is to analyse differences between cooperatives and other enterprises in the agricultural sector in the context of employment. An empirical analysis is done on the example of Polish agricultural production cooperatives (APC) and other farming entities. The paper brings answers to the following research questions: Do the agricultural cooperatives provide more employment than other farming entities? What was the level of employment in agricultural cooperatives and other farming entities and what will it be? How does the level of employment influence the profitability of agricultural cooperatives and other farming entities? The conclusions are made on the basis of an analysis of the “List of the 300 best agricultural enterprises” prepared by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – the National Research Institute in Poland. The analysis includes the following types of agricultural enterprises: agricultural production cooperatives, government-owned companies, individual farms, private companies and other farming entities. The time range of this research covers the years 2009–2015. The comparisons are made using analysis of variance, extrapolation method and correlation analysis. The main finding is that there are no clear and significant differences between agricultural production cooperatives and other farming entities in terms of the level of employment, its impact on the overall profitability and partially on increase thereof. However, some of the entities are able to create a lot of jobs. Moreover, they can increase the return on sales by increasing the level of employment and maintain the existing jobs even in the time of a crisis.

Conflict or synergy? Analysis of economic-social- infrastructure-ecological resilience and their coupling coordination in the Yangtze River economic Belt, China

Purpose: To analyze how the group action, involving the family farmers in cooperatives, contributes to using intern resources of rural companies, sob Resource-Based View (RBV) theory.Methodology: Was held a systematic analysis of articles with case studies of family farmers in Brazilian cooperatives between 2010 and 2020 using descriptive statistics.Originality: The analysis of cooperatives' contribution to using and exchanging resources among farmers insert them and remain competitive in the market.Main results: The collective way, through cooperatives, contributed in some cases with the use and exchange of resources, allowing the family farmers to insert and remain in the competitive market. The results demonstrated reputation resources based on traditions and environmental sustainability production allow competitive advantage. Organizational resources, especially about the farmers' capabilities, created an inter-relationship among productive units and markets, enabling strategies to explore the intern resources and become competitive. Methodological- theoretical contributions: The discussions concern family agriculture, cooperatives, and intern resources sob RBV perspective to contribute scientifically to demonstrating interdisciplinary of the present research, in front of the lack of studies that gather those themes.Management contributions: The managers of cooperatives and public police managers will recognize the resources that contribute to the competitiveness of family farmers and their difficulties, such as investment in physical and technological infrastructures, as well as financial support.

China and Vietnam embarked on a transition process in the late 1970s and early 1980s, respectively. Collective farming was given a up and family farms were re-established. At that stage, farmers were in urgent need of adjusted links to the upstream and downstream sectors. While the transition process went up in both countries rather similarly, it differed with respect to agricultural organizations. In China a “trial and error” process could be observed after the dissolution of the collective farms, whereas the Vietnamese government was eager to transform as many collective farms as possible into agricultural service cooperatives. Cooperation among farmers had to be organised informally in China, while in Vietnam agricultural cooperatives could continue operating, but under different rules. By 1997 the cooperative law became effective in Vietnam. It took another ten years to implement a similar law in China. In both countries, agricultural cooperatives expanded rapidly. In 2010, about ten percent of farm households in China and about 20 percent in Vietnam have become cooperative member. In both countries, there had been heavy government support and interference. However, this top-down approach would have led to nothing, if there had not been a strong bottom-up need by the farmers. In this way, cooperative development in both countries is unique in comparison to other transition economies as farmers are quite confident in making the best use out of “their” cooperatives.

BackgroundClimate change and weather-related hazards, such as droughts and floods, pose substantial threats to the human health and well-being, especially for those in low-income households and informal settlements. Resilience, defined as the ability to cope, adapt, and recover, is critical for communities to manage these evolving threats. While there has been increased interest in ensuring that global public health and development programs contribute to resilience, the lack of valid and user-friendly resilience measurement tools limits the evidence base on the effectiveness of interventions to build resilience.MethodsWe developed scales to measure economic, environmental, and social resilience to environmental shocks/stressors among urban informal settlements in low- and middle-income countries. Using an evidence-based conceptual framework, we collected data from 882 households in coastal informal settlements in Makassar, Indonesia and Suva, Fiji. We used factor analysis and item response theory approaches and assessed internal scale validity, reliability, and measurement equivalence.ResultsAnalysis supported a one-factor model for economic resilience, which showed a positive correlation with a financial satisfaction item, providing evidence of internal construct validity. The results also indicated a four-factor model for social resilience, with subscales for inclusion, social cohesion, collective efficacy and action, and preparedness. These subscales correlated with relevant external items—community satisfaction and perceived safety—supporting internal construct validity. The environmental resilience scale performed poorly in item response theory analysis and requires substantial refinement. The economic resilience scale demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar equivalence, suggesting that scores are comparable between households in Indonesia and Fiji. The social resilience scales showed only configural equivalence, indicating potential differences in how items relate to the underlying construct across countries. Both the economic and social resilience scales demonstrated acceptable reliability, with omega coefficients > 0.70.ConclusionsWe developed and internally validated scales to measure economic and social resilience to environmental disturbances that quantify resilience as a latent construct and are grounded in resilience theory. These scales are suitable for application in urban informal settlements in Indonesia and Fiji. We recommend their use, with re-validation as needed, in the monitoring and evaluation of resilience-building interventions and policies targeting urban households in low-income settings.

1. Economic and Its Contribution to the Sustainability of (Adam Rose) 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Vulnerability 1.3. and Sustainability 1.4. Defining economic 1.5. Quantification of Economic 1.6. Economic Options 1.7. The Effectiveness and cost of Economic 1.8. Conclusion 2. Modeling Networks and Community in Chronic Disasters: Case Studies from volcanic areas in Ecuador and Mexico (Graham A. Tobin, Linda M. Whiteford, Arthur D. Murphy, Eric C. Jones and Christopher McCarty) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Study Sites 2.3. Methods 2.4. Results 2.5. Conclusions 2.6. Acknowledgements 3. Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Planning in African - The CLUVA project (Gertrud Jorgensen, Lise Byskov Herslund, Dorthe Hedensted Lund, Abraham Workneh, Wilbard Kombe, Souleymane Gueye) 3.1 Introduction 3.2. The African Urban Context and the CLUVA Project 3.3. Climate Change Adaptation and Urban Planning 3.4. Planning Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation 3.5. Adaptation Measures - Findings from CLUVA 3.7. Perspectives and conclusions - Adaptation at Level 4. for All and Collective Resilience: Are These Planning Objectives Consistent with One Another?( Kalliopi Sapountzaki) 4.1. Introduction: Clarifying the Terms Resilience, Social Resilience and City 4.2. Resilient Governments / Institutions: Who Takes the Vulnerability? 4.3. Resilient People: Do They Mitigate City's Vulnerability? 4.4. in Mega Cities: Selecting Among Risk Mitigation Targets 4.5. Conclusions: Myths and Dilemmas on the City 4.6. Recommendations 5. Linking Sustainability and of Future (D. Asprone, A. Prota and G. Manfredi) 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Different Approaches to 5.3. Sustainability of Urban Systems 5.4. Linking and Sustainability 5.5. Conclusions 5.6. Recommendations 6. Natural Hazards Impacting on Future (Paolo Gasparini, Angela Di Ruocco and Raffaella Russo) 6.1. The Urban Development Scenario 6.2. Natural Hazards Impacting on Future 6.3. A Better Way to Estimate Damages 6.4. How to Manage Urban Catastrophic Events 6.5. The Future 7. and sustainability in Relation to Disasters: A Challenge for Future Cities - Common Vision and Recommendations (Gaetano Manfredi, Adam Rose, Kalliopi Sapountzaki, Gertrud Jorgensen, Edith Callaghan, Graham Tobin, Paolo Gasparini & Domenico Asprone)

his study assesses the impact of participation in farmer organisations (FOs) on the food security of rural households in Cambodia. The study was started in November 2010 and completed in June 2012. The study set out to: (1) examine the roles, operations and challenges of FOs in improving household food security; (2) analyse the household characteristics that determine participation in FOs; (3) assess the impact of FOs on the food security and livelihoods of poor rural people; and (4) provide recommendations for changes in the legal and regulatory framework for FOs. Due to their predominance in Cambodia, the study concentrates on three FO types: farmer group (FG)–informal with 10-30 members; farmer association (FA)–more than 30 members, either informal or formal if registered at the Ministry of Interior; and agricultural cooperative (AC)–business-oriented, registered at the Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) and generally have more than 30 members. The study employed qualitative and quantitative methods. To examine the roles and operation of FOs and their challenges, qualitative information was gathered from focus group discussions with FO members and key informant interviews with stakeholders in the four provinces of Kampot, Kampong Thom, Battambang and Svay Rieng, which have a high density of operating FOs. The quantitative approach applied propensity score matching1 to assess the impact of FO participation on food security, using the agricultural productivity (value of production and profit) of rice and livestock as proxies. Cross-sectional survey data was collected on approximately 330 FO member households, randomly selected from the three FO sub-sectors FG, FA and AC in the proportion of 50:30:20 percent, and 369 non-member households selected from the same villages in the selected communes using systematic random sampling to form the control group.

Agricultural production cooperatives used to be the “stepchild” of the cooperative movement. Although they stem from a similar long tradition of agricultural service cooperatives, researchers such as Oppenheimer (1896) and Schiller (1969) observed early on that they were not attractive for farmers in villages characterised by family agriculture. In general, it was argued that they were not competitive at all with family farms, but also not corporate farms, thus having no role in agricultural development. Historically, agricultural production cooperatives were formed under specific conditions only. Most prominent were collective farms under the socialist regimes, which were often labelled “agricultural production cooperatives”, although these were by no means of a voluntary nature. However, in recent years, agricultural production cooperatives have been observed in villages characterised by family agriculture. In Chongzhou County (Sichuan Province, China) they cover more than half of the total utilized agricultural area. This research analyses the conditions under which farmers voluntarily join such production cooperatives and how they assess their membership in them. We suggest that agricultural production cooperatives have a role to play in agricultural development after all.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state, development and role of agricultural service cooperatives in the functioning of households and family farms in the regions of Ukraine. Research methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the works of domestic and foreign scientists and practitioners, as well as the normative-legal acts of Ukraine that regulate relations in agricultural service cooperatives. The methods of analysis, synthesis, grouping, balance sheet were used to assess the development status of agricultural service cooperatives; when establishing production volumes - estimated, graphic; to substantiate the principles of effective development of the service cooperative - comparative analysis. Research results. The article presents the analysis of the current state of agricultural cooperatives in Ukraine, identifies and analyzes the principal reasons hampering the development of production and service cooperatives. It is established that agricultural service cooperative is a key mechanism of self-organization of rural producers, protection of small households and family farms against unscrupulous intermediary structures. Scientific novelty. The main reasons for the development of agricultural service cooperatives have been identified and analyzed. It is established that under the conditions of fierce market competition, enterprises are forced to evolve in order not to stay ahead of progress and entrepreneurship. Practical significance. The priority measures that will promote the development of cooperative movement in rural areas are proposed. Along with the strengthening of family farming and large-scale production, it is necessary to develop agricultural service cooperation as a foundation for structural restructuring of agriculture. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 13.

China’s gradual transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture has allowed land factors with comparative advantages in the countryside to be identified, which, in turn, has promoted the two-way flow of urban and rural resources, leading to the reallocation of various resources such as land, labor, capital, and technology. Completely realizing the potential of various factors is dependent on forming a beneficial cycle of talent, land, capital, and industry by new business entities. The natural and economic conditions of agricultural resources vary greatly in China, especially in hilly and mountainous areas. Therefore, it is essential to promote the high-quality development of new agricultural businesses in these areas, which will accelerate the construction of modern agricultural management systems and encourage rural revitalization. Furthermore, exploring the multi-dimensional development potential of different types of business entities will stimulate the growth of new agricultural businesses. This study presents a thorough system for evaluating development potential. The system consists of five dimensions: development potential, economic performance, social performance, ecological performance, and development prospects. The projection tracing model is employed to evaluate the development potential of diverse types of business entities. Based on the evaluation results, the development potential of new business entities is categorized according to the village scale in 68 sample villages. The results show the following: (1) The four types of new business entities with the greatest potential for development were agricultural enterprises, followed by farmer cooperatives, and finally large farmers and family farms. From the perspective of industrial types, the agricultural enterprises with the greatest development potential were fruit and vegetable agricultural enterprises; the farmer cooperatives with the greatest development potential were comprehensive farmer cooperatives; the large farmers with the greatest development potential were grain and oil farmers; and the family farms with the greatest development potential were comprehensive family farms. (2) Differences in the dimensions and comprehensive projection values of assorted new business entities were present. The comprehensive projected values in descending order were agricultural enterprises (1.0051), farmer cooperatives (0.8135), large farmers (0.6513), and family farms (0.5972). New corporate entities with distinct potential exhibited variations in high-density locations, showcasing either singular or numerous agglomeration centers. (3) The villages in the study area were divided into five types based on their development potential: low, relatively low, normal, relatively high, and high, accounting for 29.41, 16.18, 27.94, 16.18, and 10.29% of the total villages, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that, to strengthen the long-term sustainable development capacity of new business entities, it is necessary to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of developing new businesses and promote differentiated growth in various regions.

Urban resilience reduces depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly adults: A multidimensional analysis based on China longitudinal healthy longevity survey