Abstract
Global warming is the immediate consequence of increased greenhouse gasses emission. Agriculture is a significant source in terms of greenhouse gasses emission and on the other hand, the main sector in terms of producing food. As global food demand grows, the share of agriculture in the total greenhouse gasses emission will rise too. Therefore, agriculture needs to cut the greenhouse gasses emission. A response to the two important issues today, i.e. achieving food security and reducing greenhouse gasses emission is climate-smart agriculture. According to the Paris Agreement, an international effort to reduce greenhouse gasses emission, Iran has to decrease 12 percent of its greenhouse gasses emission by 2050, which all sectors have to contribute. Since the pathway to define strategies, is to explore the challenges; in this study, a seemingly unrelated regression technique has been used to model the climate-smart agriculture in Iran. Three main sub-sectors of agriculture; i.e. crops, livestock, and aquatics production, have been considered in the model to find the role of them in delivering food security and emitting greenhouse gasses. The findings show livestock and aquaculture sectors have had a positive significant impact in achieving food security. On the other hand, these sectors have had a positive significant effect on the emitting greenhouse gasses. Cropping system was not found to have a significant role in achieving food security and emitting greenhouse gasses in Iran although the expected signs (+) has been confirmed by the model. New research to explore appropriate technical and behavioral innovations needs to do on the specific-product-sector to be climate-friendly and sustainable. On the consumers hand, an encouragement to a more healthy diet with more vegetable, where is possible, also can reduce emissions. Finally, the key message from the assessments is the future legislative outlines for mitigation, adaptation and resource management as well as consumer behavior for how agriculture can deal with climate change.
Highlights
IntroductionA critical issue today, is defined as an increasing in the average of the temperature on Earth (Venkataramanan and Smitha, 2011; Palanichamy, 2009), which is caused to happen frequent storms, droughts and floods (Venkataramanan and Smitha, 2011; Bretschger, 2017; Modarres et al, 2016)
Methane, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxides act such as a greenhouse effect (Palanichamy, 2011; Venkataramanan and Smitha, 2011) and contribute (Żukowska et al, 2016) to an immediate consequence (FAO, 2008), which is global warming (Vongvisessomjai, 2010; Roop Ganesh, 2011), and change the climate (Rajadurai and Raveendran, 2011)
We have modelled climate-smart agriculture conception in Iran
Summary
A critical issue today, is defined as an increasing in the average of the temperature on Earth (Venkataramanan and Smitha, 2011; Palanichamy, 2009), which is caused to happen frequent storms, droughts and floods (Venkataramanan and Smitha, 2011; Bretschger, 2017; Modarres et al, 2016). Some evidences of world climatic warming show increasing in the global annual average surface temperature and is predicted to rise by 1.3 to 1.7°C above the preindustrial average by 2050 (Deng et al, 2017). Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, clearing forests and growing crops (Agrawal, 2011) increase the level of greenhouses gasses. A reduction of 3.2 percent in the global food availability (Luo et al, 2017) is predicted This is largely a result of the direct and mostly negative impacts of rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns and increased frequency of extreme events on the productivity of crops, livestock, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture and ecosystems (FAO, 2017a)
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