Economic Decision-Making for Coal Power Flexibility Retrofitting and Compensation in China

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国矿产资源开发区生态补偿研究进展 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201312052898 作者: 作者单位: 宁夏大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41261040, 41101549); 宁夏大学自然科学基金项目(NDZR10-57, ZR1164) Review of ecological compensation in China's mining exploitation regions Author: Affiliation: Ningxia University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:矿产资源开发区生态补偿是调整利益相关者因资源开采引发的环境利益和经济利益分配不均,并对矿产资源开发造成的外部成本内部化的制度安排.从矿产资源开发区生态补偿的理论研究、生态补偿机制、生态补偿标准,以及多学科交叉研究四方面对我国生态补偿相关研究进行了总结分析.从中发现:我国矿产资源开发区生态补偿仍以政府主导;矿产资源开发区生态补偿机制有待完善,在补偿主体、客体、途径、期限、内容等研究结论仍不明晰;现有补偿主要以经济补偿为主,补偿模式单一、补偿资金不足;生态补偿标准评估方法各有侧重点,尚未形成系统完善的矿产资源开发区生态补偿标准评估方法.今后应加强以下研究:强化生态补偿的理论研究,从市场产权交易和政府监督出发,构建科学生态补偿机制,结合区域自然、社会、经济特征,确定生态补偿标准;科学合理评估矿产资源开发造成的生态服务价值损益;结合生态补偿理论研究,采用多学科交叉分析,根据矿产资源开发阶段,构建矿产资源开发区生态补偿框架体系,明确生态补偿主客体、标准、方式、期限等;提炼矿产资源开发区生态补偿类型与模式,并构建矿产资源开发区生态补偿长效机制. Abstract:Ecological compensation is not a new concept. However, in recent years, increasing attention is being paid to ecological compensation in China, since its strengths as a conservation tool are becoming better understood and recognized. Ecological compensation in regions of mineral exploitation can serve as an effective mechanism for translating the external, non-market values of ecosystem services into financial incentives, and encouraging local actors to provide such services. Consequently, it has been highlighted as an institutional arrangement for integrating conservation and socioeconomic development. This paper reviews the theory, mechanisms, compensation standards, and interdisciplinary research described in the ecological compensation literature. The paper first shows that the majority of this literature refers to national government payment programs. However, in most cases, greater government intervention in the exploitation of and ecological compensation for energy resources, would complicate the situation. Most of the regions that are developing resources get only the resources tax, and have failed to adjust to market volatility. Second, the paper illustrates that ecological compensation is an important means for coordinating urban and rural development, narrowing the wealth distribution gap, and adjusting the industrial structure. The weakness of the ecological compensation mechanism for the development of mineral resources is that it is the origin of ecological damage and environmental pollution. Third, the paper discusses approaches including eco-compensation, the market price method, the damage cost avoidance method, replacement cost, substitute cost methods, the human capital approach, and the opportunity cost approach. In case studies, if researchers design differential methods based on regional characteristics in terms of multiple perspectives, the results may be closer to the actual value of the mineral resources. Fourth, the paper identifies the major foci of the overall eco-compensation research in different disciplines. While the purpose of working on the eco-compensation research project from an interdisciplinary perspective is to provide new solutions to mineral resource exploitation problems across disciplines, there are theoretical and practical exploration benefits as well. Finally, the authors of the case study were asked to address the following issues: (i) To clarify the content and overall framework of ecological compensation, since theoretical studies related to ecological compensation in China are still a relatively new proposition, especially for mineral resource development, and the empirical approach of ecological compensation was used before the theoretical approach. (ii) To evaluate ecological environmental services in the mining exploitation region in detail. Ecological compensation addresses not only the value of the resources themselves, but also the value of the crops, land degradation, reduced water tables, destruction of plant life, and other external economic assessments, which may be difficult to evaluate. (iii) The need for future research to classify the regional studies, and refine the development model in the different types of regions based on the natural environment, the financial base, industrial structures, social characteristics, and so on. (iv) The need for future research on ecological compensation in mineral-rich regions to focus on including legally binding mechanisms, a government transfer payment system, a compensation mechanism for the restoration of the environment, regional coordination mechanisms, and a market price mechanism. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Optimal power peak shaving using hydropower to complement wind and solar power uncertainty

Corporate governance or globalization: What determines CEO compensation in China?

The most Incredible environmentally Beneficial Way To Produce Electricity Without Emissions And Pollution Are Obtained Through Utilizing Renewable Energy Like Solar Energy. Renewable Energy Sources Are Endless And Less Maintenance Cost Incurred. Load Management Is An Emerging Area In The Power Sector. The Load Determines The Sharing Of Electricity. Losses And Harmonic Distortions Are Decreased When The Voltage Is Steady. Load Management Is Done Three Ways With The Help Of Solar Pv, Battery And Power Grid. Three Phase Inverter Is Used In Load Management For Conversion Of Dc To Ac Source. The Proposed Method Combines The Three Modules Of Load Management According To The Demand At The Load Side And Provides Efficient Output Compared To The Conventional System. The Proposed Method Combines The Three Modules Of Load Management According To The Demand At The Load Side And Provides Efficient Output Compared To The Conventional System. A Unique Load Management Schedule Matrix Has Been Presented For Both Day Time And Night Time. The Proposed Work Has Been Simulated In Proteus Software.

To meet the carbon neutralization goal and renewable energy development, it is of great significance to promote the construction of gas-fired power generation for power peak shaving. From the perspective of regional coordination (corresponding to three scenarios), this paper systematically calculates the power peak shaving demand and the demand for gas-fired power generation capacity in regions of China, by using Mathematical Programming and Shapley value. Compared with the existing research, this paper may make theoretical contributions to the following aspects: studying more spatial scopes and time scales of peak shaving, analyzing the complete system of “coal power—renewable energy—gas power”, and applying cooperative game model to peak shaving issue. We find that, firstly, compared with the scenario of independent peak shaving in a single province (Scenario 1), the peak shaving demands of load and renewable energy are greatly reduced in the scenarios of areal coordination (Scenario 2) and national coordination (Scenario 3), especially renewable energy; secondly, abandonment of 110,766 MWh of renewable energy power occurring in Scenario 2 is avoided in Scenario 3. Compared with Scenario 2, the final peak shaving demands of seven areas in China are simultaneously reduced in Scenario 3. The largest reduction rate is 14% from East China. Thirdly, with deep peak shaving restricted by certain constraints, gas power generation for start-stop peak shaving is inevitable. Compared with Scenario 2, national coordination (Scenario 3) can eliminate 120,714 MW of start-stop peak shaving demand (SS-PSD); finally, flexibility retrofit of existing facilities can further significantly curtail SS-PSD. Based on the above research results, some recommendations are put forward, including developing areal coordination and national coordination mechanisms for peak shaving, clarifying allocation plan of SS-PSD based on the fairness principle (i.e., Shapley value) as soon as possible, encouraging East China, Central China, and North China to take the lead in establishing trading markets of SS-PSD, giving priority to meeting the most urgent and economic peak shaving demand, and establishing a coordination mechanism between new and old units for flexibility retrofit.

Short-term stochastic optimization of a hydro-wind-photovoltaic hybrid system under multiple uncertainties

Recently, many business applications embrace Web services as their implementation technologies. Due to the long duration and loosely coupled properties, Web service based applications require more transactional supports beyond traditional transactions. Some initial work has been done to deal with the transaction aspect of Web service applications, in form of standards or protocols. Among these efforts, compensation is commonly used for backward recovery. However, the compensation mechanism adopted is too fixed and cannot satisfy the various requirements of different applications. In this paper, we propose a flexible compensation mechanism which enables flexible compensation schemes for a single failed case. Based on a thorough analysis of current Web service compensation protocols and standards, we extend the flexible compensation mechanism to the Web service computing environment. The implementation of the extended compensation mechanism is discussed and the incorporation of the mechanism into current standards is also addressed.

Railway public welfare compensation mechanisms play a key role in promoting railway market-oriented reforms and ensuring traffic demand. For now, government transfer payments are the format of railway public welfare compensation, such as cross-subsidy, tax breaks and railway construction funds. How to establish effective and operational railway public welfare compensation frameworks is still a great challenge. The authors summarize and analyze the problems in railway welfare compensation in China, including the lack of systematic institution design, government unilateral decisions and deficient participation of stakeholders, a lack of scientific identification of railway welfare compensation scope, imperfections public welfare compensation objects and compensation modes, a lack of scientific basis on compensation standards and methods, a lack of supervision mechanisms, and inconspicuous compensation effects. Finally, following the direction of market-oriented reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics, strategies for railway public welfare compensation institution establishment are put forward: a fundamental principle for establishing a railway public welfare compensation institution, scientific and reasonable definition of the public welfare of railway and transport products, identification of the compensatory carrier and object, building scientific method for compensatory standard accounting, and corresponding policy measures

Having become the tool to resolve the watershed environmental protection and local development contradictions, ecological compensation has been drawing increasing attention. Conflicts in environmental protection and regional development of the middle route water source area of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project urgently need to be resolved by the ecological compensation. However, the ecological compensation remains unsound yet. The author of this paper introduces the existing ecological compensation policy of the middle route water source area, analyzes main problems existing in ecological compensation policies in the middle route water source area, e.g. lack of legislative support for ecological compensation, insufficient researches on compensation standards, limited channel of funds and unsound evaluation mechanism and ultimately puts forward some suggestions on the improvement of ecological compensation policies of the water source area.

The theory of derived input demand has been examined intensively for the situation in which there is only one variable input. Only special cases, however, of the theory of jointly-derived input demand functions have been investigated. In 1938 both Mosak and Allen analysed related factor demands under the assumption of perfect competition in the commodity and factor markets.2 Somewhat later Samuelson studied the same problem without the assumption of perfect competition in the product market.3 However, he imposed a different restrictive condition, namely that the firm under consideration be confined to movements along a given production isoquant in response to changes in relative factor prices. The purpose of this article is to generalize the theory of jointlyderived input demands by removing some of the restrictive assumptions contained in earlier studies. In particular, the following assumptions are made: (a) product demand is a function of and varies inversely with product' price, the prices of related commodities remaining unchanged throughout ;4 (b) the firm in question is a perfect competitor in the factor market; and (c) there is a given production function whose first partial derivatives are positive and monotonically decreasing over the relevant range of input quantities. In the case of two variable inputs the results are quite clear and readily explicable in terms of well-known economic magnitudes. Section II is devoted to an exhaustive analysis of this special case. The general case is presented in Section III. The results, in some instances, are not as precise as in the two-factor model. Nonetheless, the general properties of jointly-derived input demand functions may be stated straightforwardly.

Short-term operation of cascade hydropower system sharing flexibility via high voltage direct current lines for multiple grids peak shaving

In view of the development trend of nuclear power and offshore wind power in China’s coastal areas, as well as the current situation of peak shaving pressure brought by reverse peak shaving of wind power to the power grid. In this paper, according to the number of failures and power loss per year in each region, the risk of peak load regulation is calculated comprehensively and quantitatively, and the risk cost increment of nuclear power peak shaving is calculated and evaluated. Optimize and linearize the constraints, and the relatively complete constraint conditions are established. Thus, the traditional peak shaving model of fixed gear nuclear power dispatch is improved, and the peak shaving depth is continuous within the safety regulation range of nuclear power. Then, based on the peak shaving operation model of nuclear power safety constraints, considering the nuclear power risk and wind power consumption, taking into account the operation cost, risk cost, environmental cost and safe operation constraints of various types of power supply, a multi-source optimal scheduling model of wind-nuclear-thermal-storage-gas is established. Based on the calculation example of the actual regional power grid, the security, low carbon and economy of the model are analyzed, and the sensitivity analysis of the risk cost coefficient and wind power reserve coefficient in the dispatching model is carried out. It can be concluded that the nuclear power has a little safety impact on the reactor core and coolant circulation system after participating in the peak shaving operation, and the increase in the probability of man-made misoperation is not obvious. The main source of the risk cost increase is the benefit loss of selling electricity, so that it can properly participate in the peak shaving of the system. When the nuclear safety risk is low and the risk of wind abandonment is high, the nuclear power peak shaving has a stronger economic advantage. The dynamic optimal allocation of wind power reserve capacity can further reduce the abandonment of nuclear power and improve the operation economy of the system.

The penetration level of renewable energy (RE) resources used to supply electricity is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years. This growth is strongly encouraged by the government through various policies such as renewable portfolio standards and feed-in tariffs. [1]However, because the performance of a power system is critically constrained by many factors that impact its stability, having a high penetration of RE resources with an unpredictable nature in bulk power systems is very challenging for system operators. [2]To address the stability issues of RE, it has been proposed that large-scale energy storage systems (ESS) be applied to bulk power systems. ESS can be controlled to supply quickly the exact amount of power required in securing the stability of the power system, even with a very high penetration of RE resources that can negatively impact the dynamic performance of the power system. In addition, ESS’s can also be used to provide ancillary services, such as frequency regulation, and bulk energy services, such as peak-shaving and load-leveling, in power systems. Load-leveling and peak-shaving are ESS applications that provide long-term services, wherein the charging and discharging of power takes place within several hours. These services involve charging the ESS during periods when the loads of electric power are low and discharging the stored energy to the power system when the loads are high. [3]In this work, a demonstration of a large-scale, grid-connected 4 MW/8 MWh battery ESS (BESS) using lithium-ion batteries (LiB), has been implemented. The 4 MW/8 MWh BESS is simultaneously connected to a 22.9 kV substation bus and distribution line in the Jocheon substation on Jeju Island. Operation strategies of the BESS have also been developed for peak-shaving (or electric energy time-shift). The peak-shaving operation uses the expected load for the next day. Also, the effects of peak-shaving are also analyzed in this work.In this work, 60Ah(Ampere hour) LiB cell was employed, and 16 cells were assembled to 1.8kWh-class module. A tray consisted of two modules, and one rack was installed using 16 battery trays, a rack BMS(Battery Management System), and a switch gear. One container consisted of 18 racks connected in parallel which summed up to 1MWh capacity. The developed energy storage system was based on a technology of small lithium rechargeable battery. The BESS consisted of three-stage control system as Tray, Rack, and System. The smallest component of BESS is battery cell. The rated capacity of battery cell is 60Ah and 3.7V. BESS is available to change battery capacity by connecting the battery cells in series or parallel. The 1MWh LiB system consisted of eighteen battery racks in parallel. BMS is responsible for monitoring the individual control and protection functions for the entire circuit unit cells. The system BMS is in charge of calculating a state of charge, state of health, power prediction, and internal impedance of the system. This can support the communication protocols of CAN 2.08, RS-485, and MODbus-TCP/IP. The rack BMS is used for monitoring the voltage and the current of the rack and calculating a state of charge, state of health, power prediction, and internal impedance of the rack. In addition, this in charge of the switching control and the cell balancing in the rack. Finally, the tray BMS can measure the voltage and the temperature of each cell, and control the cell balancing in the tray. The ESS of a 4MW PCS and 8MWh batteries installed in Jocheon substation, Jeju Island. There are four 1MW PCS configured to have a total capacity of 4MW. Each 1MW PCS is connected to two containers of 1MWh batteries with a total of 2MWh capacity paired in one PCS. This makes the discharge duration of 2 hours. In addition, the BESS may be charged from the grid and discharge power to the grid thru the PCS as dictated by the PMS. Using a large scale energy storage device can give numerous benefits such as load factor improvement, peak shaving and load leveling, improve quality of distributed renewable energy, support emergency power supply, and offer high-quality power service to customers. The introduction of a large scale energy storage system to the grid can enhance the smart grid to respond efficiently to the demand of electricity from consumers with real-time power output control. Fig. 1 shows the original load and shaved one by ESS operation. From ESS operation for peak shaving, the 5.5 percent and 4.8 percent of peak shaving could be obtained in winter and summer peak time respectively. Figure 1

There is an increasing amount of new energy power generation being applied in power systems. However, the peak shaving problem faced by the power grid is becoming more and more significant. Large-scale energy storage access to the power grid can assist the power system in peak shaving. Therefore, this paper establishes an energy storage peak shaving model considering carbon footprint cost and establishes a user-side carbon footprint cost model. On this basis, multi-objective optimization is carried out. A multi-objective optimization model of energy storage participating in power grid peak shaving considering carbon footprint is established. The optimization model aims at the optimal PS-VF (Peak Shaving and Valley Filling) effect and the optimal economy of the ESPS (Energy Storage Power Station). The net load variance is used as the evaluation index of the PS-VF effect of the ESPS. By normalizing the multi-objective function, the example analysis is carried out, and the results verify the effectiveness of the model.

Introduction With the continuously increasing of the installed capacity and proportion of wind power and other new energy sources generation，the peak-shaving problem of receiving power system with nuclear power（such as Guangdong Power Grid） in flood season will be more prominent due to the influence of wind power anti peak shaving characteristics. In order to ensure the coordinated development of multiple types of power supply and the safe and reliable operation of power grid. Method Aiming at the peak shaving problem of the receiving end power system with nuclear power under the wind power grid connection， based on the full analysis of the domestic and foreign nuclear power units' participation in peak shaving and their technical economy， combined with the shortcomings of the conventional deterministic peak shaving check method， a peak shaving balance analysis method combining certainty with probability， typical week / typical day and whole year 8 760 h panoramic simulation was proposed. Result Taking the coastal provincial power grid as an example，the proposed method was applied to analyze the peak-shaving situation of receiving power system under different scenarios， and then some suggestions was presented. Conclusion The proposed method can give full play to the advantages of both deterministic and probabilistic methods and carry out more comprehensive and effective analysis and verification of the system peak regulation balance.