Abstract
With the ongoing demographic and epidemiological transition, cancer is emerging as a major public health concern in India. This paper uses nationally representative household survey to examine the overall prevalence and economic burden of cancer in India. The age-standardized prevalence of cancer is estimated to be 97 per 100,000 persons with greater prevalence in urban areas. The evidence suggests that cancer prevalence is highest among the elderly and also among females in the reproductive age groups. Cancer displays a significant socioeconomic gradient even after adjusting for age-sex specifics and clustering in a multilevel regression framework. We find that out of pocket expenditure on cancer treatment is among the highest for any ailment. The average out of pocket spending on inpatient care in private facilities is about three-times that of public facilities. Furthermore, treatment for about 40 percent of cancer hospitalization cases is financed mainly through borrowings, sale of assets and contributions from friends and relatives. Also, over 60 percent of the households who seek care from the private sector incur out of pocket expenditure in excess of 20 percent of their annual per capita household expenditure. Given the catastrophic implications, this study calls for a disease-based approach towards financing such high-cost ailment. It is suggested that universal cancer care insurance should be envisaged and combined with existing accident and life insurance policies for the poorer sections in India. In concluding, we call for policies to improve cancer survivorship through effective prevention and early detection. In particular, greater public health investments in infrastructure, human resources and quality of care deserve priority attention.
Highlights
IntroductionThe term “Cancer” is derived from the Greek word “Karkinos” (for crab) which refers to a generic non-communicable disease (NCD) characterized by growth of malignant (cancerous or neo-plasms) abnormal cells (tumor/lump) in any part of the human body [1,2]
The term “Cancer” is derived from the Greek word “Karkinos” which refers to a generic non-communicable disease (NCD) characterized by growth of malignant abnormal cells in any part of the human body [1,2]
This paper examines the distributional patterns in self-reported prevalence and economic burden of cancer in India
Summary
The term “Cancer” is derived from the Greek word “Karkinos” (for crab) which refers to a generic non-communicable disease (NCD) characterized by growth of malignant (cancerous or neo-plasms) abnormal cells (tumor/lump) in any part of the human body [1,2]. Several forms of cancer have been detected, the most common sites of these tumors in human bodies are lungs, stomach, colorectal, liver, and breasts [3,4,5]. The cancer etiology as well as epidemiology has received significant attention of researchers.
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