Economic blossoming: opportunities and socioeconomic outcomes of coffee production in Limmu Awraja, Southwest Ethiopia (1900–1991)

Empowered through Labor and Buttressing Their Communities: Mayan Women and Coastal Migration, 1875-1965

Due to the specific characteristics of coffee production on each of the main Brazilian states producers of arabica (Coffea arabica) and robusta coffee (Coffea canephora), a better understanding of the structural links between production and industrialization of coffee on those states and the national economy can provide subsides for implementation of public policies, essential to plan the coffee production and increase the sector competitiveness. Therefore, this study analyzed the employment generation in production and coffee industrialization in the major Brazilian production regions, based on an inter-regional input-output model, with seven regions, which represent the main coffee-producing states - Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo, Parana, Bahia and Other States - with 44 sectors each, in a system of 308 sectors. The results indicated that the production of robusta coffee is the sector that generates more employments (total) per currency unit, and that arabica production sector is the fourth largest generator of employments, among the 44 sectors considered for the country. The results for each state emphasized the importance of farming and coffee industry for national and state economies.

The demand for coffee in the local and global markets has encouraged massive production at upstream and downstream levels. The socioeconomic impact of coffee production still presents an issue, primarily related to the social benefit and economic value added for farmers. This study aims to identify the social impact of the coffee industry in rural areas in three different coffee industry management systems. Many coffee industries exist in rural areas, with various management systems: farmer group organizations, middlemen, and smallholder private coffee production. This study performed the social organization life cycle assessment to identify the social impact of the coffee industry in rural areas according to the management systems. The results indicated that the coffee industry managed by farmers is superior in providing a positive social impact to four stakeholders: workers, the local community, society, and suppliers, as indicated by the highest social impact scores of 0.46 for the workers, 0.8 for the local community, 0.54 for society, and 0.615 for the suppliers. The private coffee industry provides the highest social impact to consumers (0.43), and the middlemen were very loyal to the shareholders, with a total social impact score of 0.544. According to this social sustainability index analysis, the coffee industry managed by the farmer group has the highest endpoint of social impact at 0.64, which is categorized as the “sustainable” status. Meanwhile, the coffee industry managed by private companies and middlemen is categorized as “neutral or sufficient”. The coffee industry should implement improvement strategies to increase their social impact to all stakeholders in their business supply chain.

This article discusses the role of awrajas in the development and expansion of coffee production. To reconstruct the history of coffee production, various sources such as archival documents, oral interviews, and secondary literature have been consulted. The coffee farming industry in Ethiopia is young, but Limmu Awraja has been remarkably successful, supplying a huge amount of coffee to domestic and international markets. When the area was incorporated into the central government by Emperor Menelik II, the newly assigned governors developed semi-forest coffee production from forest coffee. The increasing commercialization of coffee led to the mechanization of farming. There had been obstacles in the way of peasants producing coffee on large areas of land due to the feudal and exploitative land tenure system, limited access to fertile and vast lands, and minimal knowledge of coffee productivity and production. However, coffee plantations continued to grow rapidly after the 1950s. The government issued a land reform that granted lands to peasants. This helped peasants to get access to land and could grow coffee and other crops without being subjected to exploitation but could not be able to maintain productivity. Derg nationalized most coffee plantations, which were owned by landlords and former government officials, and subsequently became Limmu Coffee Plantation Corporation under the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development. Due to the expansion of mechanized coffee farms, a prominent level of seasonal labour migration from other parts of the country towards Limmu awraja had been increased. This adversely contributed to food shortages and high population densities in the Awraja.

The coffee production system has changed the notion of a forest common resources pool in southwest Ethiopia. It is weakening the customary right on forest through time. The objective of the study was to explore forest resources use in relation to coffee management intensity in southwest Ethiopia. The effect of coffee management intensification was narrated based on the nature of accessing forest resources, local control system, level of forest dependency, and nontimber forest products usage through time. Qualitative data were collected through an interview and walk-in-the-woods. It is worth mentioning that an age-old customary right is devolved, and a modified forest management arrangement is emerging along with the coffee production system. The result showed that coffee agroforest drives the use of forest resources in southwest Ethiopia. Coffee production is replacing the tradition of forest management for nontimber forest products. Collection of nontimber forest products is overwhelmed with coffee harvesting. Honey production area (i.e., Luggoo) has been changed to coffee plot. Only coffee owners hold the right to access coffee agroforest. Individual decisions are bypassing the social arrangement of forest resources usage. The nature and level of forest dependency have been changed along with the intensification of coffee management. In contrary to what most people believe, the study findings showed that better-off households are more forest dependent compared to poor households due to coffee production. The storyline depicts the need for taking into account coffee agroforest in sustainable forest management. The study suggests to revisit the notion of recognizing traditional forest resource usage brings sustainable forest management.

Training on using coffee machines was held to improve the skills of Gamba Kupi Liwa Community members in the coffee production process. Through a theoretical and practical approach, participants are introduced to the concept of using modern machines to increase the efficiency and quality of coffee products. Training involves theory sessions, practical demonstrations, as well as interactive discussions. The training methodology includes exposure to the basic concepts of using coffee machines, hands-on practical sessions using modern equipment, and case studies to demonstrate the application of concepts in the coffee industry. The evaluation was carried out to measure participant understanding and the impact of the training on Gamba Kupi Liwa Community coffee production. The results of the training showed significant improvements in machine usage skills, operational efficiency and product quality. Additionally, training creates a collaborative environment among community members, increasing their involvement in the development of the local coffee industry. Thus, this training not only develops technical skills, but also builds the foundation for sustainable growth in the coffee industry. The success of this training provides a positive view of the potential of the Gamba Kupi Liwa Community to become a major player in the coffee industry, creating a positive impact on the community's economy and society.

“They Call Us Thieves and Steal Our Wage”: Toward a Reinterpretation of the Salvadoran Rural Mobilization, 1929–1931

Agriculture has been and continues to assume center stage in the economic policy of Ethiopia. Coffee is one of the most vital sources of income for many coffee growers and continues to be still the leading export commodity in the national economy of the country. Despite the economic use, the productivity and quality of the coffee are unsatisfactory. The adoption of coffee yield-enhancing technical efficiency is key to improving coffee productivity and quality. Therefore, this study aims to investigate determinants that influence the technical efficiency of coffee production in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. The primary data was collected among 398 coffee growers in research locations during the 2020/21 season. Descriptive statistics and econometric methods were developed for the data analysis. The estimated average value of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies was 82.63%, 78.35%, and 74.65% respectively, which shows the existence of inefficiency in coffee production in the study area. The findings of OLS regression indicated that technical inefficiency is affected by age, sex, education status, landholding, livestock holding, credit uses, the extension uses, off-farm activity, land ownerships, seed, and variety of coffee planted. Coffee yield technical efficiency was associated with a significantly higher coffee yield and per capita annual income of coffee cultivators. Concerned bodies should give important attention to coffee yield enhancing technical efficiency which is base for improving production. The summary of this coffee production technical efficiency by policymakers and plan designers could bring better enhancement to the coffee cultivator in the study area.

<p>Colombia is the world’s third largest coffee exporter. The high altitude and rich soils of Colombia’s mountains and valleys create ideal conditions for growing coffee plants. The coffee industry in Colombia mostly consists of small, family-owned farms, and provides many hundreds of thousands of jobs in rural areas. Climatic conditions during the growing season strongly influence the quality and overall yields of coffee beans. Links between the ENSO cycle and coffee production will be investigated. Additionally, coffee crops in Colombia face a variety of threats originating from climate change, including loss of quality and increased prevalence of pests (e.g., the coffee berry borer, <em>Hypothenemus hampei</em>) and diseases (e.g., the coffee leaf rust, <em>Hemileia vastatrix</em>). High resolution climate data are needed to assess how the climate of the coffee growing areas could change and assist growers to adapt to these changes. The ability of three regional climate models (RCA4, RegCM4.3 and CRCM5) to reproduce observed teleconnections between the ENSO cycle and climate in coffee-growing areas of Colombia is also assessed. These regional climate model simulations were produced for the Coordinated Regional Dynamical Experiment (CORDEX) for the Central America, Caribbean, and Mexico (CAM) domain. They represent the highest resolution climate data available for Colombia. Projected changes in the ENSO cycle and possible impacts on coffee production will also be investigated. This study is believed to be the first to explicitly use the CAM-CORDEX results for Colombia.</p>

Eco-efficiency of coffee production and consumption in the UK at the product and sectoral levels

Shade-grown coffee in Puerto Rico: Opportunities to preserve biodiversity while reinvigorating a struggling agricultural commodity

Coffee quality and varieties matter for its ultimate flavor. As multiple factors influence taste during coffee production, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) stands out with great potential for quality assessment, defect supervision, and character identification. With a relatively comprehensive summary of current HSI-based research in coffee, this literature review critically reveals HSI’s competence and present shortcomings in practical applications within the coffee industry. Sequentially, potential applications of HSI technology in coffee component analysis and flavor estimation, blemish diagnosis, and origins or attributes identification are illustrated. Finally, several key challenges and future perspectives of HSI are indicated from a practical and sustainable perspective, with digitalization as a major goal in the coffee industry.

This article discusses the impacts that climate change will have on the Brazilian coffee industry throughout the 21st century; particularly how coffee plants will respond to changes in temperature and precipitation and how the incidence of coffee leaf rust could change. Historical and current conditions of Brazil’s coffee industry and the importance of its position in the global coffee industry are introduced. The current climate of Brazil’s major coffee producing regions are summarized. Context is provided on the origin and spread of coffee leaf rust as well as its mode of infection. Syntheses of climate models in Brazil are used to assess the effects climate change will have on coffee production, including climate’s effects on coffee plants as well as the incidence of coffee leaf rust. Rising average annual temperatures and more variable precipitation patterns could hamper coffee plant growth and increase coffee leaf rust incidence. Rising levels of carbon dioxide may increase coffee plant growth, leading to greater yields. Solutions to mitigate damage to the Brazilian coffee industry, proposed by previous researchers, are reviewed and discussed. These include expansion into high altitude regions, shade systems, sun systems, fungal predators of coffee leaf rust, scientific advancement of crops and financial protections for farmers.

It was only in the last decade that oral history began to be practised by Chinese scholars of sport history. Only tens of peer-reviewed journal articles and a couple of monographs have been published so far. Most oral sport history projects were concerned with the heirs of endangered traditional martial arts. This limited focus is a result of the fact that studies of the social and cultural aspects of sport history in which oral methods are more heavily relied upon have gained little momentum in China, coupled with a growing emphasis on preserving indigenous Chinese sports as one of the principal tasks of Chinese sport historians under the current State policies of ‘Cultural Renaissance’. The application of oral history methods is potentially beneficial for both the historical study and development of the inheritance of Chinese martial arts. However, it has been found that the advantages of using oral testimonies have not been significantly demonstrated when compared to studies using archive sources and that the politicized sporting environment is challenging the authenticity of oral sports history. Nonetheless, oral history is still a useful and promising methodological tool, as is now recognized by a growing number of sport historians, and many domains of sport history in China have the potential to engage with oral history.

Soil organic carbon and associated soil properties in Enset (Ensete ventricosum Welw. Cheesman)-based homegardens in Ethiopia