Abstract
Residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) battery systems are increasingly being deployed for local storage of excess produced PV energy. However, battery systems aimed at increasing self-consumption are not constantly put to use. Additional battery storage capacity is available for a second application to improve the profitability of an energy storage system. One of these options is the provision of frequency restoration reserves (FRR) to the electricity balancing market. This provision can be either negative to compensate for excess power supply, or positive to compensate for excess demand on the power market. This study assesses the benefits for residential and commercial PV-battery systems by combining PV energy storage for higher self-consumption with provision of FRR. Six battery storage dispatch strategies were developed and assessed on the technical and economic performance of 48 residential and 42 commercial PV-battery systems. These systems were modelled over their economic lifetime with a time resolution of 5 min and with historical energy consumption measurements and market prices. FRR provision results in a small drop in the self-consumption rate of 0.5%. However annual revenues are significantly increased. Using battery storage systems only for self-consumption is not profitable with the assumptions used in this study. Provision of negative FRR substantially reduces the electricity bought with the consumption tariff and increases investment attractiveness substantially. Prioritizing the provision of FRR over self-consumption enhancement results in even higher revenues, but significantly reduces self-consumption. We recommend FRR provision to economically investment in residential battery storage systems. Commercial systems need prioritization of both positive and negative FRR provision over self-consumption for a cost-effective investment. In conclusion, combining enhancement of PV self-consumption with the provision of frequency restoration reserves leads to profitable investments.
Highlights
Photovoltaic (PV) battery systems are increasingly deployed in urban areas to store excess PV energy for later use
We identify new directions for future research and help commercial parties to contribute in this field
We found that provision of frequency restoration reserves (FRR) significantly increases storage revenues of PV-battery systems
Summary
Photovoltaic (PV) battery systems are increasingly deployed in urban areas to store excess PV energy for later use. In this way, the effect of intermittence of PV generated electricity on a low voltage network is reduced and self-consumption is increased [1]. The cost of stationary battery energy storage systems (BESS) is rapidly decreasing and this is expected to continue due to their current and future potential of deployment [3]. The benefits of storing PV produced electricity are limited, especially in areas with small differences between prices of consumption and feed-in tariffs [4]. Battery systems only use part of their potential storage capacity, especially in locations with large seasonal difference in PV electricity generation.
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