Economic Benefits for Developing Countries Through Investment in Space Technology: A Literature Analysis

The article actualizes the issues of implementation of distance educational technologies in the socio-cultural space of preschoolers. The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate, systematize the possibilities of using distance educational technologies in the development of the socio-cultural space of a modern preschooler. The author has analyzed the theoretical literature on the problems of sociocultural space, sociocultural experience of preschoolers, digitalization of preschool education. The sociocultural space of preschoolers’ development is represented by the world of adults, which simulates the socio-cultural situation of the child’s development, the space of subjects and relations, and the space of moral, ethical and legal norms, as well as the space of interaction between organizations and the family as the main institution of the child’s socialization. Distance educational technologies are more focused on meeting the needs of the child in communication with parents and loved ones; develop trusting relationships; contribute to the strengthening of family ties, since they reduce the forced disunity of generations; create a positive image of family and family upbringing. Theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, interpretation of modern research of the problem has allowed the author of the article to systematize the possibilities of using distance educational technologies in the socio-cultural space of preschoolers. To determine the effectiveness of the use of distance learning technologies in the socio-cultural space of a preschooler, a SWOT analysis of web services of preschool educational organizations was applied, and a survey method was used to identify the degree of satisfaction of teachers and parents with the implemented distance format in kindergarten. Keywords: distance educational technologies, preschooler, preschool education, sociocultural space, sociocultural experience

Ecological security research progress in China

The effects of shielding the tips of airfoils

Space activities are enabled by mature technologies. Having a modest civil and even more modest defense space budget, compared to most of the G -8 nations, Canada has to be very precise in defining space technology development priorities. The paper is proposing a three step process, which applies an algorithm with well -defined point -rated criteria to prioritize, first, space activities, and, then, Critical Technologies/Products, to be developed in Canada. Resulting Technology Roadmap contains a detailed descript ion of Critical Technologies/Products evolving in time, and provides a strong link between the driving Stakeholders' needs and technologies/products functional and performance requirements. I. Introduction Space is recognized by most industrialized nations a s an essential and strategic domain to meet their social, economic and political objectives. Government policies in most space -faring nations are determining drivers for investments in various space programs. T he legislated mandate of the Canadian Space Ag ency (CSA) is to promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the knowledge of space through sc ience; and to ensure that space science and technology provide social and economic benefits for all C anadians. The importance that the CSA place s on space technology is consistent with the current go vernment vision of Canada as a country that is strong and dynamic, a leader in the global knowledge -based economy; and a country in which all C anadians have the opportunity to benefit from economic and social prosperity. The Space Technology Development Program (STDP) is the technology development contracting -out tool of the CSA. The objectives of the program is to direct and support R&D in strategic and enabling space technologies that:  reduce risk fo r future Canadian space activities  transform key capabilities into wealth  create knowledge through innovation STDP defines, plans for, and delivers market -ready Critical Priority Technologies/Products required to ensure sustainability of the Canadian Space Program, to maintain leadership position in the niche markets, and to enhance global competitiveness of the Canadian Space Industry. The key element in achieving these objectives is the Technology Planning function. This function can be broken down in th e following tasks: • Technology Watch : gathering, analyzing, systematizing, and providing access to the information about key developments affecting one of the Strategic Thrusts, defined by the Canadian Space Strategy [1]: Earth Observation, Space Science and Exploration, and Satellite Communication. That helps establishing benchmarks and reference points for technology evaluation, prioritization, selection and development. • Technology Harmonization and Prioritization : defining and recommending critical technology priorities/products in consultations with the Technology Advisory Groups, Government Departments, industries,

The statistical analysis of academic literature, also known as “bibliometrics”, is being increasingly applied to analyse research trends, to identify emerging areas of science and to fi nd out where and how often specifi c articles are cited. The aim of this study was to identify technological innovation trend patterns in the aerospace sector applying bibliometric analysis over the period 2008 – 2015. In this study the keywords space technology, satellite, space launch vehicle, spacecraft, rocket and space station were used to scrutinize the database Web of Science (ISI). The obtained records were analysed using the Patent Insight Pro software (2015). It was observed that the researches related to aerospace technological development has been focused in satellites, giving also some directions for satellite launch vehicles. Bibliometric analysis revealed concern on new lowcost technologies development, and the applied logistic fi t suggests that over the next fi ve years the continuity on new space technologies development will be mostly related to small satellites, with also contributions associated with high-resolution imagery in order to improve Earth observation in low orbit.

For liquid rocket engines (LREs) utilizing the gas generator cycle, the resulting engine thrust is composed of two components: the thrust of the engine chamber and the thrust of the turbine exhaust nozzle. Over the years of LRE utilization, methodologies for calculating ideal thermo gas dynamic parameters of the chamber have been developed, large volumes of statistical data regarding specific impulse losses in engine chambers have been obtained, and approaches for predicting specific impulse and, consequently, thrust of the main chambers have been refined. A much more complex situation arises with determining the specific impulse of the thrust generated by the working fluid of an autonomous turbine: significant limitations in information regarding methods for calculating this parameter have been found during literature analysis, and the available statistics exhibit contradictory characteristics. Accurate prediction of the specific impulse of the thrust from turbine exhaust nozzles allows for a more rational selection of design parameters (e.g., combustion chamber pressure) during the development of a new engine and is particularly important in cases where the spent gas generator gas is used to create control efforts. As the rocket and space industry historically developed under conditions of increased secrecy, many approaches and design methods for LREs remain known only to design bureaus and research institutes that were founded and developed during the heyday of rocket and space technology. This complicates the situation for new, young aerospace companies, as they must either conduct physical tests, which require expensive specific test equipment and increase the time and cost of engine development, or use numerical modeling, which, although to some extent allows for the replacement of physical experimentation, requires model verification and confirmation of the assumptions made. Furthermore, considering the military focus of rocket-related topics in the past, it cannot be excluded that intentionally distorted information may be present in open sources. Thus, considering the global trend of increasing the number of startups in the rocket and space industry, the identification of reliable and open sources of information becomes an important task. In this work, data from open sources regarding the specific impulse of the thrust from turbine exhaust nozzles of existing LREs were analyzed, revealing significant inconsistencies in the declared energy parameters. Numerical modeling of generator gas leakage from the nozzle of the exhaust gas duct of the RD-111 engine turbine has been conducted, and the results were compared with the calculations carried out by other methods. As a result of the work, various approaches to evaluating the thrust of exhaust nozzles during the design of an engine utilizing the gas generator cycle were analyzed, and conclusions were drawn regarding the correctness of their application.

The article is devoted to the study of the potential of the digital format of using innovative technologies of blended learning in the educational process of modern institutions of higher education. Based on the content analysis of the scientific literature, the study of the practical experience of the teachers of higher education institutions, the authors reveal the specifics of the implementation of the leading ideas of mixed learning technologies in the modern educational space of the educational institution. The main task of the research is the theoretical analysis of the essence of the problem and the determination of the features of the implementation of blended learning in the educational process of higher education institutions. In the process of working on the research of the outlined problem, a set of general scientific research methods was used. Theoretical methods contributed to the generalization and analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, the regulatory and legal framework, and the definition of key aspects of the problem. The application of empirical methods of scientific knowledge made it possible to optimally apply the methods of collecting research material (student questionnaires, teacher surveys, elaboration of the legal framework), conversations with teachers of higher education institutions regarding their readiness to implement ideas, forms and models of blended learning technologies in education process. The article emphasizes that the modern education system should focus on technologies that form the ability of students to learn throughout life, to operate and manage information, to make quick decisions, and to adapt to the needs of the labor market. It is emphasized that according to traditional forms and methods of education, students receive information passively, they do not know how to independently acquire it and apply it in practical activities. It is indicated that blended learning as a tool for modernizing modern education in practice characterizes technologies that combine new pedagogical methods based on the integration of traditional approaches to the organization of the educational process and digital learning technologies. Researchers emphasize that blended learning technologies are an optimal tool for digitalization of education, which can be considered as an option for optimizing the educational process in the conditions of martial law.

A review of the literature on modern problems of space debris arising in the design of rocket and space technology has been carried out. The article considers possible ways to solve these problems. The analysis of the article literature on the problems of space debris carried out by the authors made it possible to identify methods for preventing the formation of space debris, methods for protecting existing spacecraft from space debris, as well as the main regulatory and technical documents in this area.

Thanks to the rapidly evolving technology, today's students are improving along with the digital world. The aim of this research was to study the level of students' knowledge of digital technology (computer, tablet computer, laptop, smartphones, interactive whiteboard and other digital devices). The authors used the following approaches – observation, comparative investigations and synthesis of modern techniques to the formation of digital competencies of students, analysis of science, sociological, pedagogical and methodological literature; the study and implementation of various approaches, programs, mobile devices for the development of digital competence of students, the modelling of various approaches and pedagogical situations, the comprehension of their own experience. The study involved 37 students, future teachers of biology and English language of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University. The pedagogical essence and content of the concept “digital competence of the students” has been revealed, which consists in the fact that its development encourages students to constantly improve themselves, to personal and professional development. Defined pedagogical conditions aimed at improving the quality of knowledge of students using digital technologies in the educational space of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University. Developed a model for improving the quality of knowledge of students using various digital technologies in the educational process of the university. Criteria for the dynamics of the quality of knowledge of students using various digital technologies, tools and devices when studying at the university are determined. The results of the study can be used to formulate initiatives to develop the skills of the digital economy in the population.

System cognition and transformation of the methodical system of application of health technologies in the process of physical education involved the consideration of existent object of activity in theoretical and practical aspects as a system. Methods and organization of research. The research was conducted in three stages in National University of Water and Environmental Engineering during 2010–2016 years. The results of Sports and athletics meeting of the campus were analyzed after the types of sports and quantitative composition of participants in the last few years (in 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 years). It is set that the number of the competitors in the last six years has increased (10, 28 % in 2015/2016 academic year in relation to 7, 90 % in 2010 / 2011 academic year). In the research work theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodical literature is conducted, pedagogical experience of domestic and foreign higher educational establishments is studied. This made it possible to determine the composition, structure and organization of the elements and parts of the methodical system, to identify the main directions of cooperation between them. In the article the experience of application of health technologies, which is based on the use of facilities and forms of physical education classes, is exposed. Classifying the forms of physical training of students in the special educational separation, pointed out that each of them played the important value in the update of the methodical system of application of health technologies in the process of physical education. It is proved that the greatest effect in achieving the goal of the methodical system can be attained on condition of their close intercommunication. Process of application of health technologies domiciliary of students is a difficult multicomponent system, which includes subsystems of blocks, objects and subjects of activity, logistics, personnel, informative support and other components. Each block of the system consists of elements with ties, functional and informative characteristics for each of them. At relative independence they are closely linked within the overall system. For basis of introduction of pedagogical technologies in educational space of modern higher educational establishment should be fixed rule which declares not strict dependence on their scheduled physical education classes, but their systematic organization both in the process of educational and extracurricular activities.

Database tomography for technical intelligence: A roadmap of the near-earth space science and technology literature

Most scientific studies concentrate on factors that impact the choice of a certain strategy, and they seek to identify forces that stimulate standardization or adaptation. But the validity of the choice of standardization or adaptation strategy is determined by its potential to improve company performance (Samie & Roth, 1992). Jain (1989) states that suitability of an international marketing strategy is confirmed by the strategy's influence on the company performance - economic and strategic benefit, received due to implementation of the chosen strategy.Although the factor of company's performance should be one of the most important ones when making the strategic decision of standardization/adaptation, according to scientists, this issue has been researched empirically the least, and results of performed research works are contradictory (Katsikeas, Samiee & Theodosiou, 2006). Therefore, the link between standardization/adaptation of international marketing strategy and company performance remain a topical object of the scientific research.The problem in this article is formulated with the help of the following ąuestion: is there any link between standardization/adaptation decisions of international marketing strategy and company performance?The aim of the article is to develop a theoretical model of the link between standardization/ adaptation decisions of international marketing strategy and company performance and to test it empirically. Seeking to realize the set task, research was performed using methods of systematic and comparative analysis of scientific literature. Empirical verification of the theoretical model was performed using the case analysis method.Identified internal organisational and external environmental factors, which limit standardization/ adaptation decisions of international marketing strategy, are presented in the article based on the analysis of scientific literature. Reviewing research of this subject, causality direction is analyzed and the link between standardization/adaptation decisions of international marketing strategy and company performance is substantiated. The performed analysis of scientific literature has shown that the link between standardization/ adaption and company performance is reciprocal and complicated; possibly it is influenced by other forces, such as Porter's (1980) generic strategies.Based on literature analysis a theoretical model of the link between standardization/adaptation decisions of international marketing strategy and company performance was composed. The model encompasses external and internal antecedent factors that condition the decision to standardize or adapt and outcomes of standardization/ adaption as well as the influence of the generic strategy on the standardization/ adaptation decisions of international marketing strategy and company performance. The model reveals that company performance may be not only the outcome of standardization/adaptation decisions, but also an antecedent of these decisions. The generic strategies have a direct and indirect (acting through the international marketing strategy) impact on company performance.Analysis of the case of LENZE Group revealed that applied standardization/ adaptation and cost leadership/differentiation strategies when they are adjusted do complement each other and their strategic goals are not confronting. This partially negates theoretical assumptions that adaptation is compatible with the differentiation strategy, and standardization is compatible with cost leadership strategy, and this reveals that other combinations of strategic decisions are also possible, conditioning the improvement of company performance.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.22.1.223

Two recent developments highlight what may be the beginning of a strong renewal of support for the U.S. civil space program. The first of these is the new National Space Policy directive, approved by President Reagan on January 5, 1988.The new policy reaffirms U.S. leadership in space as a fundamental national objective. Obtaining scientific, technological, and economic benefits through space‐related activities remains a major goal of the space program, and the new policy has added the new goal of expanding human presence and activity beyond Earth orbit into the solar system. Six major objectives have been set for the civilian space program: to expand knowledge of Earth, its environment, the Solar System, and the universe; to create new opportunities for use of the space environment through the conduct of appropriate research and experimentation in advanced technology and systems; to develop space technology for civil applications and, wherever appropriate, make such technology available to the commercial sector; to preserve U.S. preeminence in critical aspects of space science, applications, technology, and manned space flight; to establish a permanent human presence in space; and to engage in international cooperative efforts that further U.S. space goals.

HE purpose of this paper is to show that communication and navigation satellites can provide significant economic benefits to shipping company operations and alleviate the problems of distress alerting, search and rescue, and losses due to collisions, groundings, and heavy weather damage. This paper presents the first complete survey of maritime service deficiencies and needs in four functional areas: communications, navigation, distress alerting and search and rescue, and casualty loss avoidance. The paper examines the extent to which space technology, primarily communication and navigation satellites, could satisfy the requirements and alleviate the deficiencies. Satellite services were costed and revenue bases were examined parametrically. A comparison was then made between the SATCOM service cost and today's HF/MF radio costs. This was followed by an evaluation of potential economic and safety benefits of satellite communication and navigation services. S

Marine fishery is an important part of the world fishery. For a long time, it not only provides high-quality animal protein for human but also provides employment opportunity, social welfare, and economic benefit. The sustainable development and use of marine fisheries depend on an understanding of the dynamics of fishery resources and the distribution mechanisms of fisheries, as well as on projections of resources and fishing ground. Therefore, with the progress of science and technology, as well as the increasing demand for the exploitation of marine fishery resources, fisheries forecasting began to emerge in the 1970s and has gradually become an emerging interdisciplinary subject; it covers fishery oceanography, oceanography, marine biology, fish behavior, satellite ocean remote sensing, and geographic information system. Fisheries forecasting is an applied subject, which studies the relationship between the action state of fish and other marine organisms and the surrounding environment, and grasps the laws of the quantity change of fishery resources and the distribution of fishing grounds, and is able to forecast the amount of catch. The forecast of fishery situation refers to the forecast of fishery resources in a certain period and a certain range of waters in the future, such as fishing period, fishing ground, fish quantity and quality, the possible catch, etc. Its forecast is based on the relationship between fish movement and biological features and environmental conditions, as well as the catch, resource status, marine environment, and other information from near-real-time pre-fishing season survey. Accurate forecasting of fishing conditions can provide scientific bases for fishery authorities and production units regarding how to carry out production deployment and production management during the fishing season, and furthermore, it can also provide a basis for fishery management departments regarding predicting the amounts of available resource. With the development of information technology and space technology as well as artificial intelligence and big data technology, the means and tools of fisheries forecasting have developed continuously, and the accuracy of fisheries forecasting has also improved. After undergoing decades of development, a comparatively complete fisheries forecasting discipline and technical system have initially been established.KeywordsFisheries forecastingMarine fisheryGeographic information systemOcean remote sensing