Econometric Analysis of Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Banking Services

Islamic banks, which operate on the profit and loss sharing basis, have an important role in the financial system in terms of the collected funds bringing into the real economy. Therefore, for a strong economic structure, the market share of Islamic banks in the financial system needs to increase. The profitability level of banks is one of the most important financial performance indicators. Determining the factors that affect profitability indicates which issues are vital. The aim of this paper is to determine the factors that affect the profitability of participation banks operating in Turkey. In this context, panel data estimation methods were applied by using the data obtained from the financial statements (2006-2019) of three participation banks (Kuveyt Türk, Albaraka ve Türkiye Finans) and various macroeconomic indicators of the country. The most appropriate model was tried to be determined. In this study, the effect of capital adequacy ratio, bank size, credit risk, operational risk, operating effectiveness, inflation and GNP growth rate on return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) was analyzed. According to the results of the analysis, bank size, credit risk, operating effectiveness and inflation rates has an effect on ROA. Also, the effect of credit risk, operational risk, operating effectiveness and inflation rates on ROE is determined. Independent variables that do not have an impact on the profitability of banks are determined as capital adequacy ratio and growth. Also, according to the results of the analysis, it is possible to express that banks’ specific variables are more effective on the profitability of participation banks than macroeconomic indicators.

The present study aims to identify the internal and external factors that affect the profitability of banks operating in Turkey. For this purpose, the study used data from 23 public, private, and foreign banks, covering the period from 2007 to 2020. Two dependent variables were used as the profitability indicators of banks, namely, the Return on Equity (ROE) and the Return on Assets (ROA). In order to increase the reliability of the models developed during the study, Dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Fixed Effect Model (FEM) were applied. Results of the analysis indicate a positive and statistically significant relation between inflation rate and GDP growth rate, and ROA and ROE. According to the results of GMM, there was a positive relation between ROA and ROE, and 1-year and 2-year lagged ROA and ROE. This situation may be explained by the fact that profits acquired in the Turkish banking sector are steady. ROA and ROE were observed to have a positive relation with inflation rate and economic growth rate. In other words, the increase in inflation rate and GDP growth rate positively affect profitability of public, private, and foreign banks.

This study examines the effect of capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan, operation efficiency and bank size on the profitability of Nepalese commercial banks. Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are the selected dependent variables. The selected independent variables are bank size, operating efficiency, net interest margin, non-performing loan, capital adequacy ratio, and loan-to-deposit ratio. The study is based on secondary data of 12 commercial banks with 108 observations for the study period from 2014/15 to 2022/23. The data were collected from Bank Supervision Report published by Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of capital adequacy ratio, non-performing loan, operation efficiency and bank size on the profitability of Nepalese commercial banks. The study showed that non-performing loan has a negative impact on return on assets. It indicates that higher the non-performing loans, lower would be the return on assets. In contrast, non-performing loan has a positive impact on return on equity. It indicates that increase in non-performing loan leads to increase in return on equity. Similarly, capital adequacy ratio has a positive impact on return on assets. It indicates that higher the capital adequacy ratio, higher would be the return on assets. However, capital adequacy ratio has a negative impact on return on equity. It indicates that higher the capital adequacy ratio, lower would be the return on equity. Further, net interest margin has a positive impact on return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that increase in net interest margin leads to increase in return on assets and return on equity. In addition, loan to deposit ratio has a negative impact on return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that higher the loan to deposit ratio, lower would be the return on assets and return on equity. Similarly, operating efficiency has a negative impact on return on assets. It indicates that higher the operating efficiency, lower would be the return on assets. In contrast, operating efficiency has a positive impact on return on equity. It indicates that increase in operating efficiency leads to increase in return on equity. In addition, bank size has a negative impact on return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that larger the bank size, lower would be the return on assets and return on equity.

Introduction. Digital means of expanding access to financial services are currently one of the promising tools for solving important socio-economic problems and stimulating economic development. The coronavirus pandemic gave a powerful impetus to the spread of digital banking. After the decline in morbidity and the relaxation of the quarantine, activity in the use of digital channels by customers of almost all segments has remained. Problem Statement. The relevance of the study is due to the global trend to replace the branch network with a remote service in order to reduce operating costs (increase operational efficiency) provided that customers' needs for reliable, fast and cheap services are met. The purpose is to determine the potential of digitalization of the delivery channels of banking products and services for savings banks in the conditions of the latest technologies and systemic stresses. Methods. The methodology of comparative analysis, system analysis, correlation of historical data, scientific synthesis was used. The research was conducted using the methods of statistical analysis of series dynamics and factor analysis of data. Content analysis was used in the review of scientific publications and reports. Results. In Ukraine, the introduction of digital financial technologies to expand access to banking services within the framework of remote banking technologies has both a number of achievements and many problems, the solution of which requires appropriate measures taken by state authorities. A positive thing is the rapid development of computer programs for the introduction of remote banking and their implementation in the work of state banks. The still relatively low share of remote service coverage for corporate and retail customers can be singled out as bottlenecks. Other significant problems include the slow implementation of legislative and regulatory initiatives in this area, in particular those defined in the framework of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector. Conclusions. The analysis showed that Ukrainian banks differ significantly in the development of remote banking services (RBS), there is a gap between leaders and outsiders in the quality and scope of remote banking services. The leading positions of PrivatBank and Sens-Bank (in certain aspects) are largely due to the legacy of the period when they were in private ownership, but since then other commercial banks have made significant progress. In working out a development strategy, banks need to provide for regular surveys of the clientele and marketing analysis of situations and the latest trends in order to predict the behavior of customers and respond adequately to their needs and behavior patterns. At the same time, banks are already able to act proactively, educating and encouraging customers to use RBS channels. International and Ukrainian experience sometimes demonstrates failures in the implementation of RBS projects. Therefore, it is advisable to implement the concept of balanced development of all product delivery channels in the savings bank with an emphasis on remote customer service, introduce user training programs, and adapt application interfaces.

The purpose of this study is to analyze significant variables that permit us to ascertain the profitability of Bangladeshi Shariah-based banks. In doing so, two profitability measurements, namely, return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), have been used as dependent variables, while capital adequacy, asset management quality, operational efficiency, credit risk, liquidity, and the size of the bank have been considered as bank-specific independent variables. In addition, the rate of interest, inflation, and GDP growth rate have also been taken as macroeconomic independent variables. This study examined panel data of eight Shariah-based Islamic banks over a thirteen-year period spanning from 2010 to 2022, applying different kinds of linear regression models, including pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects, and random effects. Subsequently, the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach is also applied to assess the robustness of the findings. The results revealed that the profitability of Bangladeshi Shariah-based Islamic banks is positively associated with asset management quality, liquidity, and credit risk. In contrast, capital adequacy, operational efficiency, and bank size are negatively correlated with the bank’s profitability. Concerning the macroeconomic factors, the findings indicated a notable positive correlation between the profitability of Shariah-based banks in Bangladesh and both the inflation rate and the interest rate spread. However, this study has also found that the profitability of the sample banks of Bangladesh is not significantly influenced by GDP growth. By providing fresh empirical data, the current research aimed to close a significant vacuum in the body of knowledge on banks and provide important insights for policymakers, managers, and other stakeholders by focusing on particular bank-specific and macroeconomic aspects that influence the profitability of Shariah-based Islamic banks in Bangladesh.

The current study examines the determinants of profitability of Indian commercial banks. The analysis is conducted over a period of 10 years in which the Indian banking sector has gone under different changes such as demonetization and issues related to banking sector sustainability and banking sector frauds. The analysis is based on balanced panel data over a period ranging from 2008 to 2017 for 69 commercial Indian banks. Profitability of Indian banks is measured by two proxies, namely, return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), whereas bank size, assets quality, capital adequacy, liquidity, operating efficiency, deposits, leverage, assets management, and the number of branches are used as bank‐specific factors. Further, a set of macroeconomic determinants such as gross domestic product, inflation rate, interest rate, exchange rate, financial crisis, and demonetization are used as independent variables.Stationary test along with pooled, fixed, random effect models and panel correction standard error are used in this study. The results revealed that bank size, the number of branches, assets management ratio, operational efficiency, and leverage ratio are the most important bank‐specific determinants that affect the profitability of Indian commercial banks as measured by ROA. Furthermore, among the bank‐specific determinants, the results revealed that bank size, assets management ratio, assets quality ratio, and liquidity ratio are found to have a significant positive impact on ROE. With regard to the macroeconomic determinants, the results revealed that the inflation rate, exchange rate, the interest rate, and demonization are found to have a significant impact on ROA. However, in the case of ROE, the results show that all macroeconomic determinants except demonization have a significant impact on the bank's profitability as measured by ROE.

Aim: This study examines Arab and international bank profitability—Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE)—determinants. It highlights regional performance differences and the main financial drivers of profitability, focusing on macroeconomic shocks. The paper compares Arab and international bank performance and provides new profitability driver insights. It also shows that linear modelling is insufficient to describe ROE in Arab countries and that nonlinear modelling is needed. The discussion suggests ways policymakers and banks can boost profitability and financial resilience.Method: The paper uses “multiple linear regression (MLR)” with panel data from heterogeneous countries over several years. Interest income, capital adequacy, non-interest income, cost-to-income ratio, loan-to-deposit ratio, and non-performing loans are tested for their effect on ROA and ROE in the MLR specifications. Time and regional trends are tested to account for economic crises like the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.Results: Findings exhibit very high regional variation in bank profitability. African countries—e.g., Botswana, Ethiopia, and Malawi—ranked better than European and Asian counterparts on both ROA and ROE. Arab countries such as Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia exhibited high ROA, while Yemen, Egypt, and Djibouti showed high ROE. The research could not find a valid linear regression model for the ROE in the Arab nations, implying complex, non-linear dynamics. The major determinants of profitability are interest income, capital adequacy, non-interest income, and cost-to-income ratio. The macroeconomic shocks also tended to decrease profitability significantly by region.

This study aims to analyze the effect of financial performance on stock returns on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period of 2013 until 2017. The independent variable used in this study is financial performance. The financial performance referred to here is the financial performance measured by using the Return On Assets (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE), Gross Profit Margin (GPM), and Inflation Rate while the dependent variable is Stock Return. The sample in this study consisted of 13 manufacturing companies in the consumer goods sector which were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2013 study period to 2017 is chosen based on certain criteria by using purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis (t test and f test) which is processed with Eviews 9. From the multiple regression model used in this study, the results of partial testing (t test) showed that only three variables namely ROE, GPM and Inflation Rate had a significant positive effect on stock returns, while ROA had no significant effect on stock returns. While simultaneously (test f) shows that ROA, ROE, GPM, and the level of inflation together affect the stock return. Keywords : Financial performance, Return On Assets (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE) and Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Inflation Rate, Stock Return DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/12-24-05 Publication date: December 31 st 2021

This study investigates the influence of macroeconomic variables and financial performance on stock returns in Indonesia’s coal industry over the period Q1 2015 to Q4 2024. Amid global uncertainty and the prolonged energy transition, coal remains a critical contributor to Indonesia’s economy and capital market. However, the sector faces increasing volatility and policy risk. Through panel data regression analysis, this study evaluates the effects of inflation, exchange rate, and coal price as macroeconomic indicators, along with financial performance variables including Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Price to Book Value (PBV), and Price to Earnings Growth (PEG) on stock returns. The findings reveal that coal prices and financial performance indicators such as ROA, ROE, and PBV have a significant positive effect on stock returns, while inflation and exchange rate demonstrate mixed or insignificant impacts. The research confirms that strong internal performance and favorable external commodity conditions are key drivers of investor interest and stock valuation. This study provides valuable insights for investors, corporate managers, and policymakers in understanding the dynamics of the coal sector in Indonesia's capital market.

The performance consists of the efficiency and effectiveness with which the resources are consumed.The results are generated to ensure the development of the sphere of interest of the organization.The financial indicators provide a fundamental basis for analyzing the performance and evaluating the company's financial health.The paper's objective is to identify the characteristics of agricultural companies in terms of financial indicators.The indicators used in this paper are Accounting Value and financial indicators: Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Sales (ROS).We conducted qualitative research using descriptive analysis, correlation matrix and covariance analysis.The sample consists of 203 agriculture companies with more than 5,000,000 lei turnover in 2018-2020.The data were analyzed from the financial reports.The predominant activity was cultivation of cereals (excluding rice), leguminous plants and oilseed plants, with 181 companies.There was a positive correlation between all the analyzed indicators.The closest correlation was between ROA with ROE and ROS, and ROE with ROS, and the lowest coefficients were between AV and financial performance indicators.

This study examines the impact of electronic payment system on the profitability of Nepalese commercial banks. Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) are the selected dependent variables. The selected independent variables are mobile banking, quick response code payment, automated teller machine, digital wallet, credit cards and point of sales. The study is based on primary and secondary data of 8 commercial banks with 130 respondents. To achieve the purpose of the study, structured questionnaire is prepared. Secondary data were collected from Banking and Financial Statistics published by Nepal Rastra Bank and annual reports of the selected commercial banks. The correlation coefficients and regression models are estimated to test the significance and importance of electronic payment system on the profitability of Nepalese commercial banks. The study showed that mobile banking has a positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that better the mobile banking services provided by banks, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. Similarly, QR payment has a positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that more the payment through QR payment services, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. Likewise, ATM banking has a positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that better the ATM services provided by the banks, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. Further, digital wallet has a positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that higher the practices of digital wallet banking, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. In addition, credit card has a positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that higher the number of payments through credit card, higher would be the return on assets and return on equity. Moreover, POS banking has a positive relationship with return on assets and return on equity. It indicates that practice of point of sales banking leads to increase in return on assets and return on equity.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Borsa İstanbul (BIST)’da faaliyet gösteren bankaların finansal performansı ile makroekonomik değişkenler ve içsel faktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla BIST’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların 2005-2017 dönemine ilişkin verileri analiz edilmiş ve regresyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bankaların finansal performans göstergeleri olarak aktif karlılık oranı (ROA), öz kaynak karlılık oranı (ROE), Tobin’s Q (TOBIN) oranı ve fiyat/kazanç (F/K) oranı araştırmada yer almış olup, çalışmanın bağımlı değişkenleridir. Makroekonomik değişkenler olarak enflasyon ve işsizlik kullanılmıştır. Toplam aktifler, finansal kaldıraç ve yaş değişkenleri araştırmanın içsel faktörleridir ve makroekonomik değişkenler ile birlikte araştırmanın bağımsız değişkenlerini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre finansal performans göstergeleri olan aktif karlılık oranı (ROA), öz kaynak karlılık oranı (ROE), Tobin’s Q (TOBIN) oranı ve fiyat/kazanç (F/K) oranı toplam aktifler, finansal kaldıraç ve yaş değişkenleri ile istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Buna karşın söz konusu finansal performans göstergeleri ile makroekonomik değişkenler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Tahmin edilen tüm modellerde finansal performans göstergeleri ile toplam aktifler arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Finansal performans göstergeleri ile finansal kaldıraç oranı ve yaş arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Buna göre bankaların toplam aktiflerini istikrarlı bir şekilde büyütmeleri bankaların finansal performansını olumlu yönde etkilemekte ve karlılığı arttırıcı bir faktör olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Southeast Asian countries, as members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), hold the second-largest Sharia financial assets globally. This study aims to assess the comparative performance of Islamic banks across ASEAN, examine the relationship between Islamic conformity, profitability, and green banking practices, and compare performance indicators between Malaysian and Indonesian Islamic banks. The sample includes Islamic banks from Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, and the Philippines. The findings reveal consistent adherence to Sharia principles across all banks, demonstrating strong Islamic conformity. However, financial performance indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) show significant variability, reflecting differences in operational efficiency and profitability. Green banking practices positively correlate with profitability, particularly ROA and NPM, emphasizing the role of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) initiatives in enhancing operational efficiency and customer loyalty. The comparative analysis highlights that while both Malaysian and Indonesian Islamic banks exhibit consistent Islamic conformity, Malaysian banks outperform their Indonesian counterparts in green banking practices and profitability. This advantage is attributed to Malaysia’s advanced regulatory environment, which promotes sustainable finance, whereas Indonesian banks face greater profitability variability, necessitating improved governance and operational strategies. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders, showcasing how Islamic financial principles can integrate with sustainability practices to achieve profitability and environmental responsibility in Islamic banking. Acknowledgment(s)The authors extend their gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for funding this research and to the Research and Community Service Centre of Universitas Mercu Buana for their valuable support.

Determinants of Deposit Money Banks' Profitability in Nigeria

The paper examines the factors influencing the profitability of Indian commercial banks considering increased globalization, intensified competition, and enhanced concentration. The sample is a balanced panel dataset of 89 banks operating in India for the period 2005 to 2015. We consider the return on assets (ROA) and the return on equity (ROE) as proxy for measurement of banks' profitability. The results indicate that profitability of banks in India is affected by both internal and external factors. Strength of equity capital, operational efficiency, ratio of banking sector deposits to the gross domestic product (GDP), had significantly positive effect on profitability of banks and credit risk, cost of funds, non-performing assets (NPA) ratio and consumer price index (CPI) inflation have significantly negative influence on banks' profitability while bank size and ratio of priority loans to total loans do not have any influence on the profitability. The GDP growth and inflation have significantly negative relation with ROA and inflation has positive influence on ROE.