Ecological Roles of Mercury Accumulation in Mangrove Forests of Sekotong, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract. Djamaluddin R, Djabar B. 2022. Mangrove species of Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2845-2852. A study on mangrove species in Mantehage Island, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, is important due to the large extent of mangrove forest, geographical position, and geomorphological characteristics of the island. Many mangrove species are expected to occur on this island. This study was conducted to explore the biological diversity of mangrove species and to evaluate the biogeography and conservation status of certain species occurring on this island. Extensive surveys were conducted throughout the island on the areas covered with mangroves, with a total of 58 locations surveyed using spot check and quadrat-transect methods, and species identification was based on morphological characteristics. Results showed that in Mantehage Island there were 20 species of true mangrove belonging to 13 genera and 11 families, including Acanthus ilicifolius L., Acrostichum spesiosum Willd., Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., Bruguiera parvilora Weight & Arnold ex Griffith, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob, Excoecaria agallocha L., Heritiera littoralis Dryand, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb., Rhizophora apiculata Bl., Rhizophora mucronata Lamk., Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn., Sonneratia alba J. Smith, Sonneratia ovata Blake., Xylocarpus granatum K?enig. Three rare species in the mangrove of Bunaken National Park, Camptostemon philippinense (Vidal) Becc., Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Bl. and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. were also recorded. The presence of C. philippinense could explain its distribution limit on the northern coast of North Sulawesi. Indication of putative hybrids in the genera of Rhizophora was found, but this needs further investigation. Two species of conservation concern, C. philippinense and S. ovata, are categorized as endangered and near-threatened species, respectively.

Mangrove forests are a community of tropical and subtropical beach vegetation, capable of growing and developing in tidal areas. This study aims to obtain information on the type and density of mangrove species by using remote sensing applications and to obtain mangrove distribution profile based on tidal. This research has been conducted in Bangkobangkoang Island Tupabbiring Sub-district of Pangkep Regency in September-October 2016. This research covers species inventory, mangrove density level using Landsat 8 image with Acquisition 6 June 2016 and mangrove distribution based on sea tides. The results showed that mangrove vegetation density conditions in Bangkobangkoang island were generally in good condition. The types of mangroves on the island of Bangkobangkoang are Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba , and Avicennia marina . The dominant mangrove species are Rhysophora stylosa and Rhizophora apiculata. Mangrove distributed at the highest tide with Rhyzophora stylosa type will be submerged while at lowest tide generally no mangrove is submerged except on the western island with the same type of Rhyzophora stylosa Key words: Mangrove, Landsat-8, Density, Ddistributions profile

The presence and sustainability of mangrove plants can be inferred from the species' composition and organization within a forest region. The goal of this study is to ascertain the environmental conditions of the mangrove ecosystem in the Teluk Jor region of East Lombok Regency, as well as the diversity index of mangrove species and the structure and composition of the mangrove vegetation. Purposive sampling is used in this descriptive exploratory study design, and data is gathered utilizing transects and quadrants. The results of the research found 7 types of mangroves with 4 families namely the rhizophoraceae family (Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata and Ceriops tagal), the sonneratiaceae family (Sonneratia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris), the avicenniaceae family (Avicennia marina) and the combretaceae family (Lumnitzera racemosa). Sonneratia alba has a relative frequency (FR) value of 63.16%, relative density (KR) of 80.33%, and the highest relative dominance of 78.84% followed by Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia caseolaris and Avicennia marina. Seven mangrove species and four families with the greatest important value index belong to Sonneratia alba, according to the research's findings. The sapling category's diversity index was categorized as medium, while the tree category's diversity index was categorized as low.

Mangroves are one of the coastal vegetation that can mitigate carbon (carbon sink and carbon storage). This study aimed to determine the potential for soil carbon stock found under stands of mangroves in Lembar Bay, West Lombok, and West Nusa Tenggara. The research began with the identification of the species and then proceeded toa sampling of the soil, which was then analyzed using the Walkley and Black method. The results showed that there were ten species of mangroves, namely, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Thespesia populnea, and Xylocarpus maluccensis. The highest soil carbon content percentage was found in the lower soil of the A. lanata (1.43 %C) mangrove, and the lowest was found in the lower-stand soil of E. agallocha (0.21 %C). Meanwhile, the carbon sinks per meter were 0.002-0.066 gC/m2, with an average of 0.020±0.020 gC/m2. The estimated total soil carbon sink in 10 mangrove stands was 0.20-6.60 tons C/ha, with an average of 2.18±2.010 tons C/ha. The average total estimated soil carbon stock found in 20.49 ha of the mangrove area studied was 44.67 tonsC, which is equivalent to 263.69 tonsC in a mangrove area of ​​120.96 ha in Lembar Bay.

This Research on the diversity of Mangrove species in Pantai Mutiara Pari Village, Pantai Cermin Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatera Province was conducted in October s.d November 2012. The objective of this research is to know the diversity of species and mangrove vegetation based on growth level. The research method is explorative survey technique method. The sample collection for the research vegetation data consisted of observation plots with a total of 12 plots derived from 3 transects. The results of the study were 6 species of mangroves: Avicennia marina, Bruguiera sexangula, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, and Nypa fruticans, belonging to 3 families namely Avicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae, and Arecaceae. From the analysis, it is known that Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora stylosa species dominate the coastal area of Pantai Mutiara Desa Kota Pari Pantai Pantai Cermin. Based on the analysis of data obtained, the index of diversity (H ') of mangroves on the beach is low, ie the seedlings H' = 0.87, the H1 = 1,34 and the H '= 1.20. This indicates that the type of mangrove contained in the beach is small.

The existence and sustainability of mangrove forests have a significant role in the environment and communities around the coast. Mangrove ecosystems also have complex systems including plant and animal organisms that interact with one another and play an essential role in maintaining and protecting the coastline. This research was conducted to analyze the potential for the regeneration of mangrove seedlings in the coastal area of Dafi Village, Biak Numfor Regency. Data collection was carried out using the belt transect method. Analysis of species composition and structure of mangrove vegetation used analysis of species density, relative density, species frequency, relative frequency, and important value index. A total of seven mangrove species were found in the coastal area of Dafi Village, Biak Numfor Regency, consisting of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Lumnitzera racemoza. Bruguiera gymnorrizha species had the highest density, frequency, and dominance values, while the lowest relative dominance and dominance were found in Lumnitzera racemoza. The highest IVI tree level values ​​were Ceriops tagal and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Mangrove forests in this area are still in natural condition, and the existence of mangrove ecosystems supports the lives of people around the island. Keywords: Coastal waters; Mangrove Ecosystem; Type Dominance; Important Value Value Index Abstrak Keberadaan dan kelestarian hutan mangrove mempunyai peran yang signifikan bagi lingkungan dan masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar pesisir. Ekosistem mangrove juga memiliki sistem yang kompleks meliputi organisme tumbuhan dan hewan yang saling berinteraksi satu dengan yang lain, dan memegang peranan penting dalam menjaga dan melindungi garis pantai. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan menganalisis struktur komunitas mangrove di Perairan Kampung Dafi Kabupaten Biak Numfor.Pengumpulan data ekosistem mangrove dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode belt transek. Analisis komposisi jenis dan struktur vegetasi mangrove menggunakan analisis kerapatan jenis, kerapatan relatif, frekuensi jenis, frekuensi relatif, dan indeks nilai penting. Total tujuh jenis mangrove ditemukan di Pesisir Kampung Dafi Kabupaten Biak Numfor yang terdiri atas jenis Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops Tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora Stylosa, dan Lumnitzera racemoza. Jenis Bruguiera gymnorrizha memiliki nilai kerapatan, Frekuensi dan dominansi tertinggi, sedangkan dominansi jenis dan dominansi relatif terendah pada mangrove jenis Lumnitzera racemoza. Nilai INP tingkat pohon yang paling tinggi adalah Ceriops tagal dan Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Hutan mangrove pada kawasan ini masih berada dalam kondisi alami, dan keberadaan ekosistem mangrove menjadi penopang bagi kehidupan masyarakat di sekitar pulau. Kata kunci: Pesisir; Ekosistem Mangrove; Dominansi Jenis; Indeks Nilai Penting

The mangrove ecosystem is one of the vegetation that has a role as carbon mitigation in coastal areas, especially in port activity areas that can produce large amounts of carbon, such as in Lembar Harbor, Lembar Village, West Lombok Regency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carbon content in the root and leaf tissue contained in each type of mangrove in the Lembar Harbor Area, Lembar Village, West Lombok Regency. This type of research is descriptive quantitative, with purposive random sampling method, which starts with taking root and leaf samples on each different mangrove species, and testing is carried out based on the Walkley & Black method to obtain tissue carbon content. Based on the results of the study, found 8 (eight) families consisting of 11 species, including: Avicennia lanata, Avicennia marina, Lumnitzera racemosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriops decandra, Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae, Excoecaria agallocha, Thespesia populnea, Xylocensis, and Ipome pescaprae. The condition of the environmental parameters of the mangrove ecosystem in Lembar Village is still in good condition, in accordance with the quality standards of water health quality, Decree of the State Minister of the Environment Number 51 of 2004 concerning sea water quality standards for biota. The average organic carbon content of root tissue was 43.47 ± 3.10 %C and leaves was 43.87 ± 3.66 %C. The highest organic carbon content in root tissue was found in Xylocarpus moluccensis (47.46 %C), and the lowest was in Ipomea pescaprae (41.49 %C), while the highest organic carbon content in leaf tissue was in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (50.60 %C), and the lowest was Avicennia lanata (38.99 %C). Based on Tukey's further test that the value of organic content stored in the root and leaf tissue of mangroves was not significantly different (> 0.05) with a statistical test value of 0.76.

The aim of the study was to determined and record mangrove species composition anddiversity at Pitas mangrove forest, Sabah. Mangroves forest occurs in waterlogged, saltysoils of sheltered tropical and subtropical shores. It usually found along the coastlinesthroughout the world, usually between 25º N longitude and 25º S latitude. This study wasconducted in Pitas district (N 06?43’, E 117?4’) which is located at the northern tip ofSabah, Malaysia. Whereas, Pitas district has an approximately 38,564 ha of the mangrovearea. In this study, the mangrove location covered an area ranges from Malawali island(N 07?2.023', E 117?16.883'), Tobo island (N 07?01.070', E 117?19.008'), Layak-layakisland (N 06?56.587', E 117?14.323'), Mapan-mapan (N 06?51.608', E 117?14.861'), andJambongan island (N 06?45.016', E 117?25.816'). The random sampling method wasdone with simple plots sizes of 20m x 20m to determine the species’ biodiversity,composition and structure. As a result, 13 mangrove species have been identified in allstudy locations namely known as Sonneratia caseolaris, Ceriops tagal, Bruguieragymnorhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina,Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera cylindrica, Lumnitzera littorea,Pemphis acidula, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and Scaevola taccada. The result showsthat the Shannon –Wiener biodiversity index (H’) at the island and disturbed mangroveareas is less diverse (H’ below than 1.5) compared to the undisturbed mainland areaswith (H’=1.95). Sonneratia caseolaris is the dominant mangrove species in the islandwith the highest value of Important Value Index (IVI) with 144.77% compared to allspecies in the study location. These areas show the importance of ecological aspectswithin the forest ecosystem. Therefore, the protection and conservation of this mangrovein this area is a necessity.Keywords: Mangrove, species composition, diversity, Important Value Index (IVI),island, mainland, disturbed, Pitas Sabah

Mangrove adalah jenis tumbuhan yang ditemukan pada komunitas vegetasi pantai tropis, memiliki potensi manfaat yang besar dan luas bagi kestabilan suatu ekosistem pesisir. Secara umum, di suatu kawasan ekosistem mangrove terdapat 2 (dua) jenis tumbuhan mangrove, yaitu mangrove sejati dan mangrove ikutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang jenis-jenis tumbuhan mangrove dan kondisi lingkungan di kawasan ekowisata mangrove Kolam Susuk, Kabupaten Belu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Purpossive Sampling, yaitu penentuan stasiun dengan melihat pada zona pasang surut dan substrat tumbuhnya tumbuhan mangrove. Pengambilan data pada 3 (tiga) stasiun pengamatan, yaitu Stasiun 1 (S1), Stasiun 2 (S2) dan Stasiun 3 (S3). Metode pengambilan data menggunakan metode jelajah. Data yang diambil, yaitu data jenis-jenis tumbuhan mangrove, data parameter abiotik dan data parameter biotik. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di kawasan ekowisata mangrove Kolam Susuk, Kabupaten Belu ditemukan sebanyak 23 jenis tumbuhan mangrove yang terdiri dari 17 jenis mangrove sejati dan 6 jenis mangrove ikutan. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan magrove sejati yaitu Acanthus embracteatus, Aegiceras floridum, Avicennia alba, Avicennia officinallis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Laguncularia racemosa, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, dan Sonneratia alba. Sedangkan jenis-jenis tumbuhan mangrove ikutan, yaitu Celtis tenuifolia, Opuntia rastrera, Pandanus odorattisima, Pandanus tectorius, Pisticia vera, dan Vitex trifolia. Kondisi lingkungan, yaitu suhu udara berkisar antara 29?C-34?C, suhu air berkisar antara 28,5?C-32?C, substrat berpasir, dan berlumpur, salinitas berkisar antara 0,97 ?/oo-3,73 ?/oo, pH berkisar antara 6,95-7,23, konduktivitas berkisar antara 17,3 ?s/cm-84,4 ?s/cm, dan TDS berkisar antara 15,3ppm-93,6ppm. Nilai kisaran parameter kualitas lingkungan dan perairan ini, jika dikaitkan dengan kisaran kualitas air ideal bagi pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup tumbuhan mangrove atau biota laut, maka berada dalam kondisi yang ideal atau masih dapat ditorelir bagi pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup.

Indonesian territory is dominated by Rhizophora mangrove vegetation, but in the Kolaka area, especially Induha Village, there is no information about this type of mangrove, so research is needed. The purpose of this study is to determine the vegetation Rhizophora mangroves sp. and fauna vertically in the mangrove forest in Induha Village. The method used is the Point Centered Sampling Method (PCQM). The results obtained, there are 3 types of mangrove Rhizophora namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa, with the highest relative density being Rhizophora apiculata at the seedling level (42.13%), sapling (57.50%) and at the tree level (38.31%). The highest relative frequency was Rhizophora apiculata at seedling (35%), sapling (45%) and tree (34.5%) levels. Rhizophora apiculata has the highest relative basal area value at the seedling (50%), sapling (84.83%) and tree (52.34%) levels. The highest relative canopy was Rhizophora apiculata, at the sapling (57.2%) and tree (35.3%). The highest Important Value Index was Rhizophora apiculata, at the seedling level (1 25.3 %), sapling (24 4.5 %) and tree (1 56.1 %). The fauna vertically identified as many as 5 types of species including hermit crabs, sea slugs, caterpillars, weaver ants and black ants. The conclusion of this study is that there are 3 types of mangroves identified in the mangrove forest dominated by Rhizophora apiculata and 5 fauna species. Environmental factors that have been observed support the survival of mangrove species in Induha Village, both in zone 1 and in zone 2, especially the Rhizophora apiculata.

Mangrove litter production is important in the displacement of organic matter from mangrove vegetation to water such as in the coast of West Muna Regency. However, one factor influencing it is the frequency of rainfall. This research, therefore, aims to determine the influence of the frequency of rainfall in mangrove ecosystem by obtaining data through the fractional wet weight. The results showed that the biomass fraction with the largest amount were Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba with of 31.59; 31.07; and 30.96%, respectively, while the lowest was Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza with of 30.07; 30.10; and 31.95%, respectively. The species with the largest leaf litter production was Bruguiera cylindrica, with of 1.72 g.m-2.day-1 which occurred in April and the lowest was Rhizophora apiculata, 0.24 g.m-2.day-1 in August. The species with the largest leaf litter production was Bruguiera cylindrica, 1.96 g.m-2.day-1 which occurred in May and the lowest was Sonneratia alba, 0.29 g.m-2.day-1 in August. In addition, the species with the largest fruit litter production was Rhizophora apiculata, 1.76 g.m-2.day-1 in April and the lowest was Sonneratia alba, 0.32 g.m-2.day-1 in September. The total litter production was 18,75 g.m-2.day-1 consisted of 6,69 g.m2.day-1 leaf litter, 6,54 g.m-2.day-1 branch litter, and 5,52 g.m-2.day-1 fruit litter. The higher the frequency of the rain, the greater the litter production.
 
 Keywords: biomass fraction, seasonal litter production, West Muna Regency

The development of mangrove by silvoaquaculture approach is an integrating between mangrove conservation and economic improvement of coastal communities by aquaculture production. The study aims to determine the ecological characteristics of mangroves in silvoaquaculture areas. The research locations include Karangsong, Brondong, and Pabean Ilir in Indramayu Regency and use a survey technique using the quadrant transect method. The silvoaquaculture pond area in Indramayu Regency has five types of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa. Rhizophora mucronata is the dominant mangrove species. The best mangrove ecological conditions are found in empang parit and komplangan ponds, so based on the ecological characteristics of mangroves, it is recommended that the development of silvoaquaculture ponds use empang parit or komplangan type of pond.

Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang terdiri atas 17.508 pulau dan memiliki iklim tropis menyebabkan Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang sebagian besar daerahnya ditumbuhi oleh hutan mangrove. Mangrove yang di temukan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia di identifikasi ada 24 jenis mangrove. Kawasan hutan mangrove selain berfungsi secara fisik sebagai penahan abrasi pantai, sebagai fungsi biologinya mangrove menjadi penyedia bahan makanan bagi kehidupan manusia terutama ikan, udang, kerang dan kepiting, serta sumber energi bagi kehidupan di pantai seperti plankton, nekton dan algae. 24 jenis mangrove yang identifikasi yaitu: Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera cylindrica, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Bruguiear gymnorrhiza, Avicennia officinalis, Lumnitzera recemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Ceriops tagal, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia lanata, Xylocarpus granatum, Aegiceras floridum, Lumnitzera littorea, Ceriops decandra, Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum, Xylocarpus mulluccensis, Avicennia germinans, Exoicaria agallocha, Aegiceras corniculatum.

Abstract. Arbiastutie Y, Diba F, Masriani. 2021. Short Communication: Ethnobotanical and ecological studies of medicinal plants in a mangrove forest in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3164-3170. The mangrove forest Polaria Tanjung Pagar in Mendalok Village, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, is a mangrove forest maintained by the local community. Currently, this mangrove forest has become one of the tourist attractions, not only visited by local and national, but also foreign tourists. This study aims to identify plants in Polaria Tanjung Pagar mangrove forest Kalimantan with the potential for medicinal uses. The research used a survey method in the mangrove forest by conducting an inventory of the medicinal plants found in the mangrove forest. Observations were made using a transect line with the total area understudy of 0.012 ha and sampling intensity of 0.4%. The investigation was based on cross-checking the traditional use of medicinal plants by the surrounding communities and the scientific literature. The results showed 13 types of medicinal plants (including tree and understorey plants) from 6 different families, i.e., Acrostichum aureum, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Xylocarpus moluccensis, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The community structure of the mangrove forest had moderate diversity for tree species and low diversity for understorey plant species, with an H' valued at 2.39 and 0.25, respectively.

Mangrove forests are unique ecosystems that have ecological, biological and socio-economic functions. The function of mangrove forests on the environment is very important especially in the coastal and oceanic regions. Mangrove forests providers of wood, leaves as raw material for medicines, and natural dye. This study aims to inventory the diversity of species of mangrove vegetation in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. The benefits of this study are to provide the data on mangrove forest vegetation as basic data for local government and related agencies in efforts to protect and preserve mangrove forests in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. Inventory the tree in mangrove forest used a line with measured 200 meters. There are 6 lines and the distance between the lines as far as 100 meters. The lines of observation are placed by purposive sampling. The results of research found 11 types of species and consisted of 6 genera. The genera are Avicennia, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Rhizophora, Soneratia and Xylocarpus. The species found were Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Xylocarpus mollucensis. Diversity of mangrove species in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency was high and should be maintained for conservation and ecotourism area. Keywords : conservation, ecotourism, mangrove, Mendalok Village