Abstract
Soil fertility management is one of the most important factors affecting crop production. The use of organic manures, including green manure, is an important strategy to maintain and/or improve soil fertility for sustainable crop production. Green manure generally refers to crops that can provide fertilizer sources for agricultural cash crops and improve soil productivity. The application of green manure is a traditional and valuable practice for agroecosystem management, particularly in paddy systems where green manure is rotated with rice. This paper systematically reviews the effects of green manure on soil microenvironments and greenhouse gas emissions, and the role of green manure in the phytoremediation of paddy fields. The paper concludes that green manure can not only affect soil nutrients and the microbial community, but also reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance soil remediation to some extent. Moreover, this review provides theoretical guidance on the selection of green manure germplasm and tillage methods for paddy fields of different climates and textures. However, this review only provides a macro-overview of the effects of green manure on soil nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil remediation in rice paddies based on a large number of previous studies, and does not provide a comprehensive quantitative assessment due to differences in green manure varieties and soil texture. The prospects for quantitative analysis of the ecological and economic effects of the sustainable development of green manure cultivation are discussed.
Highlights
Green manure crops generally refer to crops that can serve as nutrients for economic agricultural crops and improve soil productivity; this mainly includes legumes that can fix nitrogen by rhizobia, such as Chinese milk vetch and alfalfa, and non-legumes, such as ryegrass and barley
These results indicated that long-term green manure–rice rotation significantly increased the diversity of the endophytic bacterial community in rice roots, and the endophytic bacteria of the rotation were more beneficial to rice growth than those of the rice monoculture
Mendes et al [87] used radio labelled herbicide technology to quantitatively analyze the ability of four green manure crops (Crotalaria spectabilis, Canavalia ensiformis, Stizolobium aterrimum, and Lupinus albus) to repair quinclorac- and tebuthiuron-contaminated soils, and the results showed that the four green manure crops have significant repairing effects on the two herbicides, and the repairing ability for tebuthiuron (4–22%) is higher than that for quinclorac (2–13%)
Summary
Green manure crops generally refer to crops that can serve as nutrients for economic agricultural crops and improve soil productivity; this mainly includes legumes that can fix nitrogen by rhizobia, such as Chinese milk vetch and alfalfa, and non-legumes, such as ryegrass and barley. Rice serves as a staple food for more than 60% of the population in China, and reasonable crop rotation of green manure and rice has important advantages in reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and improving soil fertility and rice quality. Previous studies discovered that long-term application of green manure could reduce soil bulk density and the soil organic carbon consumption rate, and improve. A previous study found that longterm planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification, and average molecular weight of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil [23]. Li et al showed that the use of green manure and straw for fertilizer systems of grain crops helps to increase the return of nutrients to the soil. Attention should be given to the positive effects of long-term green manure planting on alleviating soil acidification
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