Abstract
The accumulation of pharmaceutical residues in the environment can indeed lead to a wide range of environmental problems which can have a negative impact on human health through various pathways. For this reason, it is of great importance to develop a rapid and sensitive strategy to monitor the accumulation of pharmaceutical residues, ultimately safeguarding both the environment and human health. In this article, the development of a carbon paste electrode modified by clay-supported reduced graphene oxide (rGO-Clay-CPE) is described. This sensor was used for the electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin (Cipro). The rGO-Clay material was synthesized based on the thermal reduction of GO. Then, it was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the prepared electrode shows high electrochemical performance towards the oxidation of Cipro. Under the optimized conditions, the DPV at the rGO-Clay sensor showed that the electro-analytical signal of Cipro is linearly related to the concentration in the range of 0.08–2.0–50.0 μM with a sensitivity of 11.24 μA μM−1 cm−2 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.7 nM. The developed sensor has successfully been applied for Cipro monitoring in wastewater, urine, and drug samples with acceptable outcomes.
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