Ecocide: ecological consequences and possibilities of using phytoremediation for disturbed areas

生态补偿作为一种将外在的、非市场环境价值转化为当地参与者提供生态系统服务的财政激励机制引起了世界关注。本文以黑河中游张掖市为研究区, 以退耕还林工程为例, 基于农户调查资料, 采用模糊综合评价方法评价了农户感知到的生态补偿的社会效应、经济效应和生态效应, 并采用最小二乘法分析影响农户对生态补偿效应感知的因素。结果表明: 农户感知到的生态补偿效应指数达3.02。其中农户感知到生态补偿的生态效应最高, 效应指数为3.11, 生态补偿的社会效应次之, 效应指数为3.06, 经济效应最低, 效应指数仅为2.55。这充分说明, 生态补偿的实施实现了改善当地生态环境的主要目标, 然后是缓解贫困、促进就业、发展经济等副目标。户主受教育程度、农户生计方式、年收入均与其感知到的生态补偿社会效应、经济效应、生态效应呈正相关, 而户主年龄与其感知到的生态补偿效应均呈负相关。此外, 农户的社会地位对其感知到的生态效应有显著影响。感知社会效应的因素中, 户主受教育程度对社会效应感知的影响程度最大, 相关系数达1.067, 其次是农户生计方式, 户主年龄对社会效应感知的影响相对较小; 感知生态补偿经济效应的因素中, 户主受教育程度对经济效应感知的影响程度最大, 相关系数达1.073, 其次是农户年收入和农户生计方式, 户主年龄对经济效应感知的影响相对较小; 感知生态补偿生态效应的因素中, 户主受教育程度对生态效应感知的影响最大, 相关系数达2.612, 其次是农户生计方式, 农户社会地位对其影响相对较小。

The article examines the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, which led to radioactive contamination in the environment, which significantly exceeds acceptable levels of radiation safety. According to the data of the DSNS of Ukraine, as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, 95% of the territory of Ukraine became aware of high-level radioactive contamination. The main consequences of the accident were: radioactive contamination of warehouse parts by ecosystems: summer-, liquid-atmosphere, soil and soil surfaces; influx on living organisms; extraction of significant territories and natural resources from folk resources. The biggest blow, which is impossible to evaluate in penny equivalent, is that the accident took a toll on the health of Ukrainians. In this regard, the problem exists for both the current and future generations. The current relevance and necessity of investigating the traces of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant does not raise everyday doubts. Therefore, the development of environmental, medical, social and economical research will be sufficiently expanded on the scientific level and on the level of society. Today, tourists are increasingly interested in new types of tourism, which include unique tourist destinations, including those associated with manmade disasters. One of the worst man-made disasters in human history is the accident of 1986. At the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant there are some remarkable legacies to this day. For those who want to learn from their eyes and perceive the atmosphere of the legacy of this terrible catastrophe, there is more to come. The Chornobyl tourist route is popular among both foreign and domestic tourists. The legacy of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is complex and richly nuanced, and is being studied by a wide range of scientists – geographers, ecologists, economists, sociologists, etc. oh Ecological-geographical, landscape and medical-geographical aspects of the identified problems are developed in the scientific research of V. Baranovsky, D. Grodzinsky, V. Davidchuk, V. Dol Ina, M. Petrova, E. Sobotovicha, L. Sorokina, V. Shevchenko.

В статье освещен инсульт как проблема мирового масштаба, его связь с тремя группами факторов риска (патогенетическими, психогенными и экологическими — загрязнение окружающей среды). В преддверии 35-й годовщины техногенной катастрофы в Чернобыле (26 апреля 1986 года) автор сравнил данные по инсульту в Украине и в Японии после аварии на АЭС «Фукусима-1» (11–12 марта 2011 года), которая привела к расплавлению активной зоны реакторов сразу на трех энергоблоках. Поднимаются вопросы оптимизации оказания специализированной медицинской помощи больным с мозговым инсультом, факторами риска инсульта. Необходимо минимизировать последствия, оптимизировать лечение, профилактику факторов риска, особенно в тех районах, где население подвергается опасности инкорпорированного радиационного поражения организма через пищевые продукты и воду. Также необходимо улучшение специализированной инсультной помощи, создание инсультных центров в областях Украины. Проведенные исследования свидетельствуют, что причин для возникновения мозговых инсультов много, и на сегодняшний день они недостаточно изучены. Особенностями клинического течения мозговых инсультов у участников ликвидации последствий аварии (УЛПА) на ЧАЭС являются развитие их в среднем в 40–49 лет и пожилом возрасте, длительный сосудистый анамнез, что характеризуется трансформацией в дебюте вегетососудистой дистонии в дисциркуляторную (пострадиационную) энцефалопатию, преобладание ишемического характера мозгового инсульта над геморрагическим, поражение преимущественно каротидного бассейна, относительная доброкачественность клинического течения, прогрессирующий характер психических расстройств, сопутствующая соматическая коморбидная патология, наличие устойчивого патоморфологического субстрата со стороны как сосудистой эндотелиальной дисфункции, так и мозговой ликворной системы. Полученная информация дополняет данные о патогенезе, клинике и диагностике мозгового инсульта у УЛПА и представляет практический интерес. Поднятые вопросы оптимизации оказания специализированной помощи в инсультных отделениях, центрах, достаточной их комплектации как кадрами, так и аппаратурой, а также вопросы последующей реабилитации становятся краеугольным камнем в преодолении эпидемии инсульта. Исходя из сказанного, сохраняется необходимость продолжения фундаментальных исследований в этой области и скорейшей разработки, внедрения научной концепции по профилактике, раннему выявлению основных модифицируемых факторов риска инсульта совместно с семейными терапевтами, специалистами узкого профиля. Надлежащее лечение инсульта, безусловно, улучшит качество жизни пациентов и их родственников.

to assess the hormonal and metabolic disorders in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (ChNPP) accident survivors (AS), having got secondary normocalcemic non-renal hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in the late period upon exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). The routine clinical, anthropometric, instrumental (thyroid and parathyroid diagnosticultrasound), laboratory (biochemical, hormonal), statistical methods were applied. In both prospective (n = 48, control group n = 19) and retrospective studies the data of 2,234 subjects including 1,372 irradiated adults (862 non-irradiated persons in the control group) were evaluated. Clinical consequences of exposure to IR on the endocrine system were evaluated in ChNPP AS. High prevalence of vitamin D lack or deficiency was established retrospectively in 81.8 % of the ChNPP AS and in 89.5 % of the control group subjects. In general, there was neither effect of exposure to IR on the vitamin D status in study subjects, nor any difference between the study groups. According to diagnostic ultrasound patterns the parathyroid hyperplasia was diagnosed in 629 cases (28.2 %). Among the ChNPP AS it was found in 32.7 % of cases (n = 450) vs. 20.7 % (p > 0.005) in the control group (a 1.6-fold difference). HPT diagnosed as serum parathyroid hormone content > 65 ng/ml was diagnosed in 123 cases (21.1 %) i.e. in almost every fifth person. Increased serum level of parathyroid hormone was found in the 94 ChNPP AS and in 25 persons of the comparison group. In other words, the frequency of HPT was 23.7 % among the AS being significantly more than in the comparison group (13.2 %, p < 0.005). Frequency of normocalcemic non-renal HPT was slightly different by years of observation with a trend to the year-by-year increase. High prevalence of vitamin D lack or deficiency was established in the ChNPP AS, being however independent of exposure to IR. Frequency of parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma was 1.6 times higher in the irradiated subjects than in persons of the control group. Annual increase in frequency of the non-renal normocalcemic HPT was also revealed reaching nowadays 23.7 % among the AS, which is significantly higher than in the comparison group.

Oil spill + COVID-19: A disastrous year for Brazilian seagrass conservation

Quantifying the effect of forest age in annual net forest carbon balance Chapter 3 The global forest carbon balance inferred from flux towers and forest age Chapter 4 Memory effects of climate and vegetation affecting net ecosystem

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 广西滨海湿地类自然保护区管理成效评估体系构建及应用 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201901070056 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2017YFC0506104）；广西自然科学基金项目（2018GXNSFBA281068）；广西自然科学基金项目（2016GXNSFBA380228） Establishment and application of an evaluation system for the effectiveness of coastal wetland nature reserves management in Guangxi Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: National key research and development plan（2017YFC0506104）；Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project（2018GXNSFBA281068）；Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Project（2016GXNSFBA380228） 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:海洋保护区事业正处于从"重面积、重数量"向"重建设、重成效"转型的重要阶段，海洋保护区，特别是滨海湿地类保护区的管理有效性评估引起了国内外生态学家的广泛关注。根据现有评估体系中存在问题，结合广西滨海湿地类自然保护区建设及发展特点，构建了"管理机制-管理基础-管理行为-管理成效"的评估框架，通过专家咨询法、层次分析法设置形成包含4个评估要素，19个评估指标以及6个附加指标在内的评估体系。本评估体系综合考虑了保护区管理工作的产出效益，包括管控成效、生态成效和社会经济成效，在指标设计时突出了保护区的生境特点，管理人员以及社会公众的保护意愿，采用分级分值制量化指标，根据长期有效数据开展评估，适用于监测业务完善的滨海湿地类型保护区。另外，选择北仑河口国家级自然保护区进行实例验证，评估结果表明：（1）保护区指标评估分值总和78分，附加3分，综合评估分值81分，管理级别Ⅱ级，保护区管理成效良好；（2）各要素得分占比情况为：C管理行为（100%） > A管理机制（90%） > B管理基础（87%） > D管理成效（65%）。评估指标级别占比情况为：Ⅰ级（53%） > Ⅱ级（21%） > Ⅲ级（16%） > Ⅳ级（11%）；（3）3类管理成效得分占比情况为：D2管控成效（97%） > D1生态成效（60%） > D3社会经济成效（35%）。通过分析可知，保护区管理面临主要问题包括技术能力不足、人才队伍建设薄弱、人为干扰多样等。建议保护区应加强能力建设和管控力度，推行社区共管，并关注红树林以外的其他生态系统的保护，促进区域可持续发展。 Abstract:The development of marine protected areas faces an important transformation. It no longer emphasizes area and quantity but greater attention is paid to construction and effectiveness. Thus, marine protected area management is under tremendous pressure. As an important means to evaluate the degree of realization of protected area management objectives, management effectiveness evaluation of marine protected areas, especially coastal wetland protected areas, has recently received attention from ecologists at home and abroad. Relevant theoretical research and research on methods of construction and application practices have been conducted successfully. At present, most of the assessments of marine protected areas in China draw on mature foreign systems, failing to fully consider the special characteristics of the local oceanic environment, and related domestic research that still needs to be implemented. Based on the problems existing in the current evaluation system and the characteristics of construction and development in the Guangxi coastal wetland nature reserve, the evaluation framework of "management mechanism-management foundation-management behavior-management effectiveness" was developed, and an indicator system was designed using consultation methods and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), including 4 elements, 19 assessment indicators, and 6 additional indicators. The following four are characteristics of this assessment system:(1) Unlike administrative supervision and inspection, the various output benefits of the protected area management system were considered comprehensively and included control, ecological, social, and economic effectiveness. (2) The indicator design takes into account the habitat characteristics of the coastal wetland nature reserve and the willingness of managers and the public to protect it. (3) To minimize the influence of subjective factors, quantitative work, such as weight setting, grading assignment, and percent distribution, was applied to the indicator system. (4) Assessment of indicators, such as changes in ecological environment quality and landscape, in protected areas requires long-term effective statistical data. This evaluation system is applicable to the coastal wetland type protected areas system with effective monitoring. Finally, the national nature reserve of Guangxi Beilun estuary was used as a research area for verification of the evaluation system. The evaluation results showed that (1) the case area evaluation index score was 78 points with an additional 3 points, for a comprehensive evaluation score of 81 points, and its management level was level II, indicating that the protection management achieved good results. (2) The score ratio of each factor was ranked as follows:C Management Behavior (100%) > A Management Mechanism (90%) > B Management Foundation (87%) > D Management Effectiveness (65%), and the proportion of the number of evaluation indicators at all levels was I (53%) > II (21.05%) > III (16%) > IV (11%). (3) The score ratio of the 3 types of management effectiveness was D2 Control effectiveness (97%) > D1 Ecological effectiveness (60%) > D3 Social and economic effectiveness (35%), thus, indicating that the ecological effectiveness of the case area was generally good, although the social and economic effectiveness was poor. Based on this analysis, the main problems faced by case area management were discovered and included insufficient technical capabilities, weak talent team building, and diverse human intervention. We recommend that protected areas should strengthen capacity building and control, strengthen public awareness, promote community co-management, pay attention to the protection of ecosystems other than mangroves, and promote regional sustainable development. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Assessing the socioeconomic effects of multiple-use MPAs in a European setting: A national stakeholders’ perspective

The article offers historical, political and legal analysis of the causes that led to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) 30 years ago in April 1986. The authors consider a range of health, legal, social and political effects of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, study the post-accident formation of the environmental rights movement and development of citizens’ rights to environmental information enshrined in the 1990s in laws of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, which suffered most from the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. The authors make a number of proposals for development of national and international law that will strengthen the guarantees of environmental human rights and processes of rehabilitation of ecological systems in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia affected by the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. The concept of development of the legal status of environmental refugees and ecological disaster zones is proposed as a separate lesson of the disaster.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Wildfires serve as an essential disturbance for many ecosystems representing a vital component of the Earth&amp;amp;#8217;s systems. On geological time scales wildfires have played an important role affecting Earth&amp;amp;#8217;s atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic climate change causes shifts in weather and climate patterns that affect wildfire-related processes shaping the global distribution of wildfires. Globally, many regions are experiencing increases in wildfire frequency, large fire occurrence, severity, and their ecological consequences. Local evidence suggests that some areas that were historically &amp;amp;#8220;fire-resistant&amp;amp;#8221;, such as Central Europe, might become at risk to wildfires in the future due to increases in fire-conducive conditions and fuel aridity. Changes in the global distribution of fire-prone and fire-resistant areas can have far-reaching ecological and social consequences that are already being observed. However, understanding the global effect of climate change on the future fire dynamics remains to be challenging.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We present a new method that uses statistical modeling to globally map the current and future distribution of fire-prone and fire-resistant areas. This method is unique in that it uses a spatial intersection of the four main hierarchical fire components&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; - &amp;lt;/em&amp;gt;accumulated biomass, its availability to burn, fire weather, and ignitions. These four components are then used in a statistical model to explain the susceptibility of a landscape to historical wildfire occurrence. Anthropogenic climate change will likely alter the global spatial distribution of these components, hence affecting the global distribution of fire-prone and fire-resistant areas. Data from global climate models and other ancillary datasets that represent the future global distribution of the four wildfire components will be used together with the statistical model wildfire occurrence to estimate the future global distribution of global &amp;amp;#8220;fire-prone&amp;amp;#8221; and &amp;amp;#8220;fire-resistant&amp;amp;#8221; areas. Findings of this research will lead to an improved monitoring and assessment of future global fire behavior and distribution which can contribute to a more sustainable coexistence of people with wildfires, especially in fire-prone regions.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a primary tool for the stewardship, conservation, and restoration of marine ecosystems, yet 69% of global MPAs are only partially protected (i.e., are open to some form of fishing). Although fully protected areas have well‐documented outcomes, including increased fish diversity and biomass, the effectiveness of partially protected areas is contested. Partially protected areas may provide benefits in some contexts and may be warranted for social reasons, yet social outcomes often depend on MPAs achieving their ecological goals to distinguish them from open areas and justify the cost of protection. We assessed the social perceptions and ecological effectiveness of 18 partially protected areas and 19 fully protected areas compared with 19 open areas along 7000 km of coast of southern Australia. We used mixed methods, gathering data via semistructured interviews, site surveys, and Reef Life (underwater visual census) surveys. We analyzed qualitative data in accordance with grounded theory and quantitative data with multivariate and univariate linear mixed‐effects models. We found no social or ecological benefits for partially protected areas relative to open areas in our study. Partially protected areas had no more fish, invertebrates, or algae than open areas; were poorly understood by coastal users; were not more attractive than open areas; and were not perceived to have better marine life than open areas. These findings provide an important counterpoint to some large‐scale meta‐analyses that conclude partially protected areas can be ecologically effective but that draw this conclusion based on narrower measures. We argue that partially protected areas act as red herrings in marine conservation because they create an illusion of protection and consume scarce conservation resources yet provide little or no social or ecological gain over open areas. Fully protected areas, by contrast, have more fish species and biomass and are well understood, supported, and valued by the public. They are perceived to have better marine life and be improving over time in keeping with actual ecological results. Conservation outcomes can be improved by upgrading partially protected areas to higher levels of protection including conversion to fully protected areas.

In recent years there has been a sharp increase in the interest of humanity to environment preservation. It has become clear that the reckless use of nature will sooner or later lead to a catastrophe that will have not only environmental, but also economic and social consequences. The article provides a bibliographic analysis of scientific papers from around the world on the basis of Scopus with the keywords "environmental education" and "environmental adult education" for the period 1968 - 2019. It was found that in this regard most attention is paid to the US authors. The scientific works of the authors, who are the leaders in terms of the number of publications on environmental education of adults, have been studied. With the help of Vosviewer software it was determined which countries publish the biggest and the smallest number of scientific papers with the keyword "environmental adult education". Scientific works of domestic scientists were also analyzed. Adult education is becoming important in addition to the classic concept of school education. The article analyzes, which fields of science have the biggest and the smallest number of scientific papers with the keyword "environmental adult education", where social and environmental sciences became the leaders.

Organisms must adapt to the temporal characteristics of their surroundings to successfully survive and reproduce. Variation in the daily light cycle, for example, acts through endocrine and neurobiological mechanisms to control several downstream physiological and behavioral processes. Interruptions in normal circadian light cycles and the resulting disruption of normal melatonin rhythms cause widespread disruptive effects involving multiple body systems, the results of which can have serious medical consequences for individuals, as well as large-scale ecological implications for populations. With the invention of electrical lights about a century ago, the temporal organization of the environment has been drastically altered for many species, including humans. In addition to the incidental exposure to light at night through light pollution, humans also engage in increasing amounts of shift-work, resulting in repeated and often long-term circadian disruption. The increasing prevalence of exposure to light at night has significant social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences that are only now becoming apparent. This review addresses the complicated web of potential behavioral and physiological consequences resulting from exposure to light at night, as well as the large-scale medical and ecological implications that may result.

As one of the large ecological infrastructures, the urban water system connectivity (UWSC) project is an important part of urban ecosystem construction. It is helpful for the scientific planning and construction of the project to systematically evaluate the effects. However, due to the complex and various effects of UWSC project, there is no complete effect system and quantitative method. Against this backdrop, the composition and mechanism of positive and negative effects of ecological economics of UWSC project were deeply analyzed to improve the composition system of eco-economic effects in this study. At the same time, the emergy theory was used to put forward the quantification method of eco-economic effect system. Taking the UWSC project in Xuchang as an example, its ecological, social, and economic effects were evaluated. The result showed that the average eco-economic effect of the project is 49.97 million dollars/year. Economic effect and ecological effect are significant, accounting for 82.49% and 15.89% of total effect, respectively. This study can provide reference for comprehensive and unified assessment of eco-economic effects of UWSC project.

As the largest developing country, China has accumulated enormous material wealth since its reform and opening-up policy. How to effectively evaluate the level of well-being in China has become a meaningful research endeavor. Using the entropy method, Dagum Gini coefficient and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition methods, the study examines the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, spatial differences and driving effects of provincial well-being levels from 2007 to 2020. The results of this study suggest that the level of well-being as a whole, as well as in the eastern, central and western regions increased significantly over the period, with an "east-to-west decreasing" distribution in China. In terms of the pattern of inter-provincial distribution, although the level of well-being in the central and western regions has improved at a faster rate, most provinces in the eastern region have always been among the leading teams on the path of livelihood development. There is still enormous room for improvement in the level of well-being in the central and western provinces. The overall differences in the development of well-being in China, as well as intra-regional and inter-regional differences among the three major regions, showed a narrowing trend. Intra-regional differences in the development of well-being are greatest in the western region, and inter-regional differences in the development of well-being are greatest in the eastern and western regions. Inter-regional differences are the main reason for the spatial differences in well-being among China's provinces. The combination of economic, social, ecological and technological effects has led to a gradual increase in the level of well-being over the sample period. Among them, economic, social and technological effects have a clear positive driving effect on the increase of well-being levels, while ecological effect have a certain negative driving influence.