Abstract
Radial growth Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum was determined on medium amended with Juniperus procera methanolic extract. The radial growth of A. flavus and F. oxysporum was significantly reduced at 150 and 200 mg. The precentage of reduction was 16.55%, 48.54% and 48.64%, 59.86% for A. flavus and F. oxysporum, respectively. However, addition of J. procera extract to Carbomar significantly reduced radial growth compared with using Carbomar alone. On the other hand, with addition of the J. procera extract, the productivity percentage of aflatoxins B2, aflatoxins B1, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid and fusaric acid was reduced by100, 67.44, 96.28, 60.33 and 8.36%, respectively as a result of applied J. procera extract. Moreover, the extract of J. procera significantly reduced the F. oxysporum colony-forming units (cfu) in the cultivated soil with Raphanus sativus at 5 days. F. oxysporum populations at 100 and 200 mg of J. procera extract were 25.33×103 and 21.33×103 cfu g-1, respectively. However, when added with Carbomar, extract of J. procera strongly reduced F. oxysporum populations (9.33×103 cfu g-1). In addition, the J. procera extract reduced the mean disease rating of wilt disease of R. sativus caused by F. oxysporum. Less content of chlorophyll a and b (3.56 and 1.65 mg/g fresh weight, respectively at P<0.01) was detected in infected R. sativus than treated with J. procera extract or Carbomar.
Highlights
Public pressure to minimize the use of chemical fungicides in agriculture has increased in the recent years [1]
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the natural control of A. flavus and F. oxysporum and their mycotoxins could be achieved by applying J. procera extract and to compare them with the effect of chemical fungicide Carbomar
There was significant difference (P
Summary
Public pressure to minimize the use of chemical fungicides in agriculture has increased in the recent years [1]. The extensive use of chemical fungicides in plant protection against fungal disease generates long-term residues in food and in the environment [2,3]. Juniperus species have been extensively investigated as a source of natural products with potential antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities [21,22,23,24,25]. Pirzada et al [30] studied the effect of ethanol, methanol, ethylacetate, chloroform and aqueous extracts of Juniperus against the human pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger and A. flavus). Antifungal agents extracted from plants could be exploited in controlling the growth of fungi inhibiting aflatoxin formation [34]
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