ECO DRAINAGE MODEL USING POROUS PAVING BLOCK WITH SIEVE WASTE CORAL FILLER AND PUMICE STONE

Pemanfaat perkerasan semakin meningkat sebagai dampak dari berkembangnya perkotaan. Perkerasan permukaan lahan sangat berpengaruh pada meningkatnya limpasan permukaan. Limpasan permukaan yang terjadi akan mengakibatkan terjadinya banjir dan genangan jika sistem drainasenya tidak baik. Penggunaan perkerasan yang mampu mengurangi limpasan sangat diperluka, untuk mengurangi terjadinya banjir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh permukaan lahan terhadap nilai koefisien limpasan permukaan (C). Material permukaan yang digunakan yaitu berupa paving block dengan penambahan rumput antar paving block. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat rainfall simulator. Penelitian ini menggunakan paving block berbentuk bata ukuran 20 x 10 x 8 cm dengan variasi pola pemasangan susun bata dan anyaman tikar yang dikombinasikan dengan rumput gajah mini dengan perbandingan campuran 75% : 25%. Pengukuran yang dilakukan yaitu pengukuran intensitas hujan, volume limpasan, dan koefisien limpasan permukaan (C). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan rumput gajah mini memberikan pengaruh terhadap nilai koefisien limpasan permukaan. Pada paving block tanpa penambahn rumput gajah mini memiliki nilai koefisien yang lebih besar. Koefisien limpasan yang dihasilkan diantaranya : tanah nilai koefisien limpasannya yaitu berkisar 0.39 - 0.44, paving block susun bata koefisien limpasannya berkisar 0.42 - 0.46 , paving block anyam tikar berkisar 0.41- 0.45, paving block pola susun bata dengan penambahan rumput gajah mini koefisien limpasan berkisar 0.40 - 0.45, dan paving block pola anyaman tikar dengan penambahan rumput gajah mini koefisien limpasan berkisar 0.36 - 0.41.
 

Runoff coefficient (C) values are tabulated and enshrined in hydrological engineering. These values are considered to be constant although they may not correspond to reality. In the same catchment, they may vary according to intensity, temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation events, humidity conditions, soil and land use. This study aimed to analyze extreme events of precipitation and their corresponding flows to obtain experimental runoff coefficients (C) and compare them with the tabulated values. The study was conducted in five experimental catchments in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with different land uses. The runoff coefficients (C) were obtained from the analysis of hydrograms and using a digital filter, which made it possible to separate the direct runoff from the total flow. We observed a different variation in runoff coefficient values between catchments compared to those obtained from the tables. The runoff coefficients had a high correlation with land use. In catchments with original vegetation cover, such as Cerrado and forest, they varied little among the events analyzed, unlike the catchments where land use is diversified, with predominantly agricultural and urban occupation.

Large expanses of green, open land are frequently converted as a result of population growth and quick development. This phenomenon causes the decreasing of water infiltration area which has an impact on increasing runoff coefficient. In the urban drainage problem, paving blocks are often used as road pavement construction materials to reduce surface runoff. The aim of this research is to study the characteristic of flow in the paving block made from plastic waste material. The research conducted in the laboratory testing utilizing a rainfall simulator by several variations in slope of 0% to 15%. The findings indicate that paving blocks made from plastic waste have less runoff coefficient than asphalt and/or concrete pavement. There is a correlation between the slope of the land and the runoff coefficient value which the runoff coefficient value increasing as the slope of the land increases. That finding is then applied in urban drainage problem located in the Cipamokolan Village region in Bandung City with the help of SWMM program for drainage calculation. As a result, the runoff discharge is decreasing by implementing the paving block made from plastic waste.

The use of pavement is increasing, especially in urban areas. Various types of pavement are used including asphalt, concrete and paving blocks. The use of pavements tightens the filtration and increases the volume of surface runoff. One of the pavements used to reduce runoff is paving blocks. The open area between paving blocks is the most influential factor in increasing water infiltration in paving blocks. The larger the opening area in the paving, the more water absorption capacity will be. This research uses infall simulator to model rain. The pavement used is a square porous paving block with a size of 20 x 10 x 8 cm. Variations in the number of pores are 3 holes, 5 holes and 9 holes. The area comparisons between paving blocks and pore holes were 99.4% and 0.6%, 99% and 1%, 98.2% and 1.8%, respectively. Measurements taken are the measurement of rain intensity, runoff volume, infiltration volume and surface break-even coefficient (C). The results showed that the addition of pore holes had an effect on the surface runoff coefficient. In square paving blocks without pores, the coefficient value is greater. Poreless square paving blocks have the highest runoff coefficient with values ranging from 0.41 to 0.45, square paving blocks with 3 porico holes, runoff efficiency ranges from 0.39 to 0.43, paving blocks with 5 pore runoff coefficients range from 0.38 - 0.42, and a square paving block with 9 pore holes, the smallest runoff coefficient ranges from 0.37 to 0.41.

Changes in land use in Ampenan and Sekarbela Districts in the Mataram city area have occurred on a massive scale. The high level of infrastructure development and increasing population density has caused the area of ​​green land to decrease and the built-up area to increase. This change in land function affects the land's ability to absorb rainwater that falls in an area. This research was conducted to determine the runoff discharge that occurred due to changes in land use in 2013, 2018 and 2023, and to compare the runoff discharge in 2023 with the runoff discharge based spatial plans on the 2011-2031. The analysis stage begins with water catchment area delineation and land use analysis with the help of ArcMap and Google Earth software. Then proceed with the calculation of runoff coefficient values, analysis of regional rainfall, analysis of rainfall plans, calculation of rain intensity, calculation of runoff discharge using rational methods and comparing runoff discharge that occurs in 2023 with runoff discharge based spatial plans on the 2011-2031. The research results show that there is a decrease in the area of ​​green land and an increase in the area of ​​built-up land which causes the runoff coefficient and runoff discharge values ​​to increase. The increase in runoff discharge in Sekarbela District in 2013-2018 was 6.52%, in 2018-2023 was 2.81%, and in 2013-2023 was 9.52%. Meanwhile, the increase in runoff discharge in Ampenan District in 2013-2018 was 3.02%, in 2018-2023 was 2.10%, and in 2013-2023 was 5.18%.

The increase in population in the upper Kapuas Hulu River Basin will also increase the need for land. This increase in land demand can cause land use changes, affecting the runoff coefficient. Based on the reasons above, research was conducted to determine the effect of changes in land use on the magnitude of the runoff coefficient in the upstream part of the Kapuas River Basin from 2012 to 2017 and 2017 to 2022.The runoff coefficient calculation uses the U.S. Forest Service, Hassing, Kodoatie, and Syarief methods. Each method uses different parameters to determine the results. Data processing is carried out using a Geographic Information System (GIS).The analysis and calculations show that the runoff coefficient values obtained in the Upper Kapuas River Basin using the U.S. Forest Service method in 2012, 2017, and 2022 are 0,133, 0,136, and 0,145. The Hassing method results are 0,308, 0,309, and 0,312, and the Kodoatie and Syarief method results are 0,156, 0,167, and 0,173. This value shows that the Upper Kapuas River Basin is in reasonably good condition because the runoff coefficient value is far below 1.

Because of the raise of road infrastructure, the use of paving block pavement increases as well. One of the problems of using paving block is the shape of it which influences of its interlock. The soil deformation over pavement makes it defect easily causing the paving block surface becomes uneven and the soil settled. The aim of this research is to prove that hexagonal paving block is a better paving shape than the other shape of paving. Therefore, analysis comes to the advantage and disadvantage of the installation process and interlocking from any different shape of paving. In order to be able to analyse hexagonal paving shape as the most optimum shape, this research utilizes literature review as the methodology research, to analyse the calculation we used SAP2000, Plaxis, Interlocking and installation pattern. The conclusion from the analysed result of SAP2000 output, Plaxis output, Interlocking and pattern installation can be concluded that hexagonal paving block is the most optimum shape caused its best for lock the pavement and easy to install. Analysis results for moment of force of paving block 10 cm are obtained 201612.46 kg/cm for cube, 6764.09 kg/cm for hexagon, 67460.04 kg/cm for octagonal and 171363.84 kg/cm for rectangular Therefore the deformation results are obtained -0.632 cm for cube, -0.097 cm for hexagon, -0.109m for octagon, -0.355 cm for rectangular. Deformation of soil deflection caused by paving block pavement is obtained 5.21 cm for cube, 3.38 cm for hexagon, 3.43 cm for octagon, 4.45 cm for rectangular. From the analyse of moment and deformation, soil deflection, interlocking and paving block installation can be concluded that hexagonal paving block is a better paving shape of paving block.

Permeable block pavements are designed to treat and delay the water flow in an urban environment. In order to measure the runoff characteristics of the permeable block pavement, a rainfall simulation test was conducted at the accelerated pavement testing facility. This paper focuses on determining the runoff characteristics in terms of the permeability coefficients of the block pavements under different rainfall conditions, such as rainfall intensity, quantity, and time intervals. In this study, four different pavement test sections were constructed and their runoff coefficient values were determined as follows: (1) 0.19–0.45 for the porous block-porous cement treated base (CTB) section, (2) 0.27–0.61 for the porous block-dense CTB section, (3) 0.50–0.78 for the dense block-porous CTB section, and (4) 0.77–0.85 for the dense block-dense CTB section. Particularly, when the rainfall intensity increased from 60 to 200 mm/h on the porous block pavement, 5–45% additional surface runoff occurred. Furth...

The weak interlock system in paving blocks can cause discomfort for drivers when passing over them. The more frequently traversed by vehicles, paving blocks with poor interlock systems will experience displacement. The compressive strength of paving blocks also affects their quality, thus supporting the performance of the paving block interlock system. This research aims to produce paving block products with a better interlocking system. The method used in this research is experimental and conducted in a laboratory setting. The results of the compressive strength test on stingray-shaped paving blocks, conducted at 14 days and converted to 28 days, showed superior compressive strength with an average of 24.04 MPa compared to conventional square and hexagonal paving blocks tested at 28 days, each with an average compressive strength of 20.07 MPa and 22.25 MPa, respectively. The water absorption test of the stingray-shaped paving blocks conducted at 7 and 14 days showed average water absorption rates of 5.67% and 4.31%, respectively, meeting the quality requirements of Grade B according to SNI -03-0691-1996, which requires less than 6%. Interlock system testing of the stingray-shaped paving blocks indicated superiority with an average displacement of 5.514 mm compared to conventional square and hexagonal paving blocks, each with an average displacement of 11.802 mm and 9.744 mm, respectively. The cost calculation for stingray-shaped paving blocks amounted to Rp. 2263.22 per paving block, 24,559% more economical than the total cost for conventional hexagonal paving blocks, which amounted to Rp. 3000.00.

The impact of land use- and climate change on the managed eco-geomorphic balance in the Alps

Stone Construction Laboratory is one of the existing courses in the Department of Civil Engineering Polytechnic State of Padang. Students are required to practice firsthand the theories about stone construction that have been studied. Stone work or often called masonry is wall or brick installation work for floor, wall, or fence. In practicum stone, the material used is artificial stone like brick and can also natural stone by using an adhesive substance usually known by the name of spesi or mortar.Mortar or spesi is one of the building materials that serves to glue the pairs of bricks, brick, stucco and so on. Mortars consist of sand, cement and water. In a stone work practicum where the work is not permanent (unloading pairs) then the cement material is replaced by lime which is a temporary binder. So far, the rest of the mortar use for the stone practicum is just thrown away because it cannot be used anymore, therefore it takes alternative utilization of the former mortar, for that the author tries to research by using it to make paving blocks. Paving blocks or concrete bricks for floors are a component of building material made from a mixture of hydraulic cement or the like, aggregates and water with or without other additives which do not reduce the quality of the paving blockThe study used comparison between paving block with mixed composition of mortar, cement and water mixture and paving block with standard mixture composition ie cement, sand and water. Paving is made by pressing using hydraulic press machine with a compressive strength of 25 kg and compressive strength testing with Universal Testing Machine.Based on the results of the research, it was found that the paving block from the utilization of mortar has a compressive strength higher than the standard paving block. At the age of 14 days, the compressive strength of the paving block from the utilization of mortar used has a compressive strength of 76.14 kg

Effect of coconut fiber on low-density polyethylene plastic-sand paver blocks

Durability properties of copper slag and coal bottom ash based I-shaped geopolymer paver blocks

Changes in land use can lead to an increased risk of flooding in an area. One example of flood conditions due to land use change is that occurred in the Diponegoro University Campus area in Tembalang. Most parking lots in this area comprises of conventional paving block system. It is basically a permeable pavement types, but in reality, existing conventional paving block systems cannot infiltrate storm water into the soil. There are two possible causes: first, the type of paving block is not a permeable type of concrete paving block and the second is the open graded base (OGB) and subbase do not have a high permeability, or a combination of both. This condition generates stormwater runoff in this area to be high, and causes on site and/or out side inundation. In this study, permeable paving block system (P2BS) was developed to find the parking lots with zero runoff.

Selaparang and Mataram Districts are two of the six districts in the Mataram City area that experience changes in land use every year. This change can affect the absorption capacity of groundwater in the area to decrease so that if there is rain with a fairly high intensity, it can cause water to overflow to the surface and inundate the area. This study was conducted to determine the runoff discharge that occurred due to changes in land use that occurred in 2013, 2018, and 2023, and to compare the runoff discharge in 2023 with the runoff discharge based on the Regional Spatial Plan of Selaparang and Mataram Districts in 2011-2031. The initial stage in this study was to collect several secondary data such as rainfall data, land use based on the regional spatial plan, and others that can be obtained from related agencies. After that, the next stage is the delineation of the catchment area and land use analysis with the help of ArcGis and Google Earth software, as well as runoff discharge analysis. The results of the analysis show that the percentage increase in runoff discharge that occurred in Selaparang District in 2013-2018, 2018-2023, and 2013-2023 was 2.21%, 1.40%, and 3.64%, respectively. Meanwhile, the percentage increase in runoff discharge in Mataram District in 2013-2018, 2018-2023, and 2013-2023 was 2.43%, 0.73%, and 3.18%, respectively. Based on this, it can be concluded that the reduction in green land area and the increase in built-up land area each year will cause an increase in the runoff coefficient value, so that the runoff discharge that occurs in Selaparang and Mataram Districts also increases every year.