Abstract
Variations in foundation conditions and borrow-area materials from the assumptions of geologists and designers during design-stage investigations should be expected. Even though foundation and borrow area drawings may be covered with numerous exploration symbols, the geologists and the design engineers have only seen a microfraction of the foundation and borrow materials. These conditions are much more fully revealed during construction when foundation and abutments are exposed, and cuts are made in borrow areas. The construction stage offers the geologists and the engineer an opportunity to determine the presence of weak seams in the foundation; open seams in the foundation and abutments that are critical due to seepage and/or uplift; and detrimental materials in borrow areas that were missed or not recovered during design-stage explorations. If weak or open seams are geologically possible in the foundation, construction-stage investigations should be comprehensive enough to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that weak or open seams do not exist.
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