Early viability assessment of a Business-to-Consumer (B2C) model for digital diabetes screening in Switzerland.


 The pattern of cash flow from operating, investing, and financing activities of each company is one of the important information for many parties, especially in predicting company performance and the probability of bankruptcy. The cash flow pattern used in this study uses 8 forms of cash flow patterns. The data collected consisted of 96 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with an observation period of 2010 to 2019. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in any cash flow patterns between companies that went bankrupt and those that did not. This study further aims to prove the cash flow patterns of operating, investing, and financing activities can be used to predict the probability of bankruptcy. The results prove that there are significant differences in cash flow patterns between companies that have gone bankrupt and those that are not. The results of further research prove that the company has the greatest probability of bankruptcy when the company has negative operating cash flows, positive cash flows from investing activities and positive cash flows from financing activities. Furthermore, the company experiences the probability of bankruptcy when the company has negative operating and investing cash flows with positive cash flows from financing activities. The company does not have a probability of bankruptcy when the company has positive operating cash flow with negative investment cash flow and positive cash flow from financing activities. 
 Keywords: Bankruptcy, Cash Flow Pattern, Cash Flow from Operating, Cash Flow from Investing, and Cash Flow from Financing

PurposeThis paper aims to evaluate Nigerian contractors’ perceptions regarding the effects of positive and negative cash flow during construction projects, with a view to establishing effective strategies for cash flow management.Design/methodology/approachA desktop-based literature review is used to develop a cross-sectional questionnaire survey which uses Likert items to elicit responses from construction professionals on: the reasons for cash flow problems; the impacts of negative and positive cash flow; and the potential solutions for improving cash flow on construction projects.FindingsThe study finds that delay in payments, difficulty in obtaining financial aid and inadequate budgetary control are the causes of cash flow problems during construction projects. Cumulatively, these issues result in project delays, reduced profit margins and in the worst scenarios, abandoned projects.Originality/valueThere has been limited research into the effects of positive and negative cash flows on construction projects in Nigeria and indeed, the wider geographical location of West Africa. This study addresses this observed dearth and consequently advances methods and solutions to deal with the problem of poor cash flow management in the Nigerian construction industry.

PurposePrevious studies have postulated that an advance payment system (APS) positively impacts the contractor's working capital and is paramount to ensuring an efficient and effective project cash flow process. However, scant research has been undertaken to empirically establish the cash flow performance and domino effect of APS on project and organisational performance.Design/methodology/approachThe epistemological design adopted a positivist philosophical stance augmented by deductive reasoning to explore the phenomena under investigation. Primary quantitative data were collected from 504 Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) registered contractors (within the grade bandings 1–9) in South Africa. A five-point Likert scale was utilised, and subsequent data accrued were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM).FindingsEmergent findings reveal that the mandatory use of an APS does not guarantee a positive project cash flow, an improvement in organisational performance or an improvement in project performance.Practical implicationsThe ensuing discussion reveals the contributory influence of APS on positive cash flow and organisational performance, although APS implementation alone will not achieve these objectives. Practically, the research accentuates the need for various measures to be concurrently adopted (including APS) towards ensuring a positive project cash flow and improved organisational and project performance.Originality/valueThere is limited empirical research on cash flow performance and the domino effect of APS on project and organisational performance in South Africa, nor indeed, the wider geographical location of Africa as a continent. This study addresses this gap in the prevailing body of knowledge.

The aim of this research is to examine and analyze the influence of net income, operation cash flow, and free cash flow both simultaneously and partially in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (ISE). Observation periods from 2001 until 2005. The type of research used in verification research or research to verify hypothesis with simple random sampling. The object of population are manufacturing industries which listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange that has net income, the positive operation cash flow, the positive free cash flow and paid cash dividend. This research sample 109 population. To aimed influence net income, the positive operation cash flow, and the positive free cash flow both simultaneously and partially use multiple regression. Result of this research show that; (1) net income has a significant influence on cash dividend, (2) the positive operation cash flow has a significant influence on cash dividend, (3) the positive free cash flow ha a significant negative influence on cash dividend, and (4) simultaneously net income, operation cash flow, and free cash flow has a significant influence on cash dividend.

Investments are a basis of development of the entities, separate industries and national economies in general. Blossoming or self-produced decline, possibilities of the solution of social and environmental problems, modern level and potential dynamism of the physical, financial and human equities depends on ability to invest.The investing activities are a wide complex of the purposeful, organizational, economic, financial, managerial works performed in interests of effective implementation of investments. Forming of cash flows of the entity happens under the influence of simultaneous action various on the origin and nature of factors. Factors of external nature determine general terms of functioning of the entity. Factors of internal nature depend on specifics of activities of the entity. at the level of the entity of possibility of forming of a positive cash flow are characterized by the sphere of operating, investing and financial activities.Treats the most important factors of external nature:- a market situation of commodity, labor and material resources which determines the prices of their purchase, the tax and customs legislation which stipulates the sizes of an expenditure of money on tax payment, customs duties, other obligatory payments;- the investment climate of the country which causes feasibility and amounts of investment investments of the entity;- an environment of the financial market under the influence of which interest rates for bank loans, the necessary level of payment of share dividends of the entity are created.The need for use of money is created under the influence of many factors which not always are managed from the entity. The cash flows connected with use of money by the sizes and rhythm, as a rule, don't match processes of forming of money as it is caused by influence of factors of various set.Need of detailed studying of the factors causing forming of positive and negative cash flows and implementation of their analysis in case of development of policy of management and optimization of cash flows of the entity and investment appeal is proved.

The paper quantifies the impact of timing differences that emerge in the case of discrepancies between accounting and tax rules on the corporate tax burden. The objective of the paper is to investigate the effect of the accelerated deductibility of company expenses via provisions for future liabilities on the multi-period effective average corporate tax rate (EATR). In the investigation, pension provisions and so-called “other provisions” are taken into account and a multi-period backward-looking measure of the tax burden based on corporate cash flows is developed. The investigated companies are divided into several subgroups according to their size and multi-period cash flow. Under the current tax law, the highest tax burden among companies with positive cash flows is observed for medium-sized firms, at 33%. For small and large enterprises, the burden takes values of 24% and 25% respectively. A different situation is observed among firms with negative cash flows- in general, the EATRs are noticeably higher in this case. Under the current tax law, the average effective tax rates are 60% for all firms and 38%, 45% and 51% for medium-sized, small and large corporations respectively.If changes are made to the ways provisions for future payments are treated under tax regulations, a slight reduction may be observed in the multi-period average effective tax burden. In general, the timing effects of the deductibility of provisions lead to an average change in the effective tax rate from –1 percentage point (in the case of small companies with positive cash flows) to –4 percentage points (in the case of small entities with negative cash flows and medium-sized entities with positive cash flows). Although the differences in the median tax burden may seem to be slight, they are statistically significant.

Положительные денежные потоки являются основой платежеспособности компании. Положительный денежный поток означает, что бизнес обладает устойчивыми и предсказуемыми денежными потоками. В настоящее время на первый план выходит задача грамотного прогнозирования финансовой составляющей компании и управления финансовыми ресурсами организации. В данной статье представлены рекомендации по определению уровня достаточности денежных средств, эффективности их использования, а также сбалансированности положительного и отрицательного денежного потока компании по времени и объему на основании анализа коэффициентов ликвидности, финансовой устойчивости, рентабельности и т. д. Positive cash flows are the basis of the company's solvency. Positive cash flow means that the business has stable and predictable cash flows. Nowadays, in the forefront there is the task to forecast correctly the financial component of the company and manage the financial resources of the organization. This article provides recommendations for determining the level of cash sufficiency, the level of effectiveness of their use and the balance between positive and negative cash flow of the company by time and volume on the basis of the analysis of liquidity ratios, financial stability, profitability, etc.

Many basins throughout the world are experiencing decline in hydrocarbon production with fields maturing and approaching abandonment. Growth in production is coming either from unconventional reservoirs or from relatively immature and emerging basins. As fields (or clusters of fields) approach abandonment, several issues need consideration. There are several ways in which production decline can be mitigated including: infield drilling, workovers, optimised reservoir & facility management, field rejuvenation. Cost management, increased production and operational improvement are some of the strategies employed to maintain profitable operations. Abandonment of a platform with a large number of wells can be a lengthy process with production continuing throughout that process. As production declines, revenues will eventually no longer cover costs. Within the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS), Reserves are limited by "the earliest truncation of either technical, license, or economic limit". If there are no technical or licence restrictions, the economic limit, defined as the the time when the maximum cumulative net cash flow occurs for a project, defines the date up to which Reserves may be booked. Several issues related to the determination of the economic limit by an Economic Limit Test (ELT) in late field life will be discussed. Short periods of negative cash flow may be accommodated, and therefore qualify as Reserves, under certain circumstances provided that the longer term cumulative net cash flow forecast shows that the following positive periods more than offset the negative. The use of maximum cumulative cash flow as the basis for the ELT means that incremental projects with negative cash flow are not included as Reserves. However, once the costs are sunk and a forward-looking assessment is performed, the cash flow is once again positive and Reserves can be assigned. Volumes being produced beyond the economic limit, accompanied by a negative cash flow, should not be classified as Reserves as they are not economic to produce. The assumption within the PRMS is that this is point at which a project will cease production. In some PSC environments, there may be little incentive for operators to make long term investments close to PSC expiry. Even after fields reach their economic limit, they may be reactivated e.g.by infill drilling, IOR, EOR. This may be done by different operators, including National Oil Companies or service companies and/or under different commercial arrangements. However, in practice, there may be several reasons why fields continue to produce when production is sub-economic. Management of Reserves in mature fields is important for many reasons including: providing a financing base for the operator, signalling investment opportunities for field re-activation, improved recovery methods or to justify licence extension. This paper will outline some of the challenges involved in late life field management and how it impacts Reserves assessment.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı futbol kulüplerinin nakit akış performanslarının uluslararası olarak karşılaştırmalı analiz edilmesidir. Bu kapsamda Türkiye Spor Toto Süper Ligi ve Avrupa’daki 10 ulusal ligde bulunan 29 futbol kulübünün 2013-2018 yılları arasındaki nakit akış tabloları “Nakit Akışlarının Sağlandığı Faaliyetler Yöntemi”ne göre analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre futbol kulüplerinin en çok sahip olduğu nakit akış profillerinin sırasıyla; Model 2: başarılı işletme, Model 6: genç işletme ve Model 4: büyüyen işletme olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ayrıca Avrupa’daki futbol kulüplerinin genellikle işletme faaliyetlerinden pozitif, yatırım ve finansman faaliyetlerinden negatif nakit akışına sahip olduğu, Türkiye’deki futbol kulüplerinin ise genellikle finansman faaliyetlerden pozitif, işletme ve yatırım faaliyetlerinden negatif nakit akışına sahip olduğu saptanmıştır.

<p>This study aims is to prepare the statement of cash flow and analyze the<br />cash flow statement in 2020 at Primkop Kartika S-11 Bhaladika. Data collection was obtained by interview and documentation, while methods of writing used are<br />description and exposition. Description method to describe comparative balance<br />sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, calculation of business results for the year ended December 31, 2020, and selected data transaction Primkop Kartika S-11 Bhaladika for 2020. Exposition method to clarify about changes in cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The result of this study is the cash flow statement of Primkop Kartika S-11 Bhaladika in 2020 can be prepared and presented. The statement of cash flow shows positive cash flow in operating activities of Rp 629.577,163.00, and positive cash flow in investing activities of Rp 976,769,854.00, and positive cash flow in financing activities of Rp 285,951,078.00. Analysis of cash flow statement indicates idle cash at Primkop Kartika S-11 Bhaladika Semarang in 2020.</p>

National benchmark data for 2002 indicate that large rural for-profit hospitals have a median cash flow margin of 19.5% compared to 9.2% for their nonprofit counterparts. This study aims to gain insight regarding the driving factors behind the high cash flow performance of large rural for-profit hospitals. Using 3 annual periods of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid cost report data with the last fiscal year ending between September 30, 2002, and August 30, 2003, the study found a cash flow margin of 21.5% for the large rural for-profit hospitals. All these facilities were owned by hospital management companies. To assess their underlying market, operational, and mission factors, these hospitals were compared to a similar comparison group of large rural nonprofit hospitals that are system owned and have positive cash flows. Using logistic regression analysis, the study found lower operating expense per adjusted discharge and salary expense as a percentage of total operating expense among large rural for-profit, system-owned hospitals with positive cash flows relative to nonprofits with similar traits. Overall, the findings of this study reflect how these for-profit hospitals, which are owned by hospital management companies, focus on controlling their labor costs as well as operating costs per discharge in order to achieve a greater positive cash flow position.

Comment

The difference between the result of managerial calculations and reality can be largely attributed to uncertainty. In the case of discounted payback period (DPP), it concerns uncertain capital expenditures, positive cash flows, and discount rates. To resolve this problem the intervals of possible values instead of uncertain point values should be regarded. This idea is projected in defining the significant points of the input parameters for the DPP calculation from which the significant points of the fuzzy payback period (FPP) in the sense of triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN) are derived. For the TFN ranking, the weighted method is used. The FPP numerical formula thus becomes flexible in terms of the possibility of expressing faith in the incidence rate of the input data. The existing literature omits to regard negative weights for positive and/or negative cash flows in the FPP calculation. In the application, the relations are applied to the quantification of the FPP interval of possible values, by means of which the investment plan for the modernization of the lignite power plant is evaluated.

To determine the timing and magnitude of revenues generated by newly recruited faculty, to facilitate configuration of recruitment packages appropriately matched to expected financial returns. The aggregate of all positive cash flows to central college of medicine administration -- from research, clinical care, tuition, philanthropy, and royalties and patents, from all faculty newly recruited to the University of Arizona College of Medicine between 1998 and 2004 -- was quantified using the net present value (npv) methodology, which incorporates the time value of money. Tenure-track faculty and, in particular, those with laboratory research programs, generated the highest positive central cash flows. The npv for positive cash flows (npv[+]) during 6 and 10 years for newly recruited assistant professors with laboratory research programs were $118,600 and $255,400, respectively, and, for professors with laboratory research programs, $172,600 and $298,000, respectively (associate professors were not analyzed because of limited numbers). Faculty whose appointments at the University of Arizona College of Medicine exceeded 15 years in duration were the most productive in central revenue generation, far in excess of their numbers proportionate to the total. The results emphasize the critical importance of faculty retention, because even those newly recruited faculty who are most successful in central revenue generation (tenure track with laboratory research programs) must be retained for periods well in excess of 10 years to recoup the initial central investment required for their recruitment.

Independent producers are under increasing pressure to seek out every available dollar of internally generated cashflow from otherwise idle assets or premature financial obligations. Many petroleum companies can better manage their existing operations to improve their performances through cash management, updated collection policies, cash processing and disbursements, short term investments, and more accurate planning. Using the analytical capabilities of micro-computers, examples of the benefits of applying financial management techniques are illustrated in terms of increased working capital, added profitability and strengthened cashflow.