Dynamics of the content of mineral elements and effective fertility of alluvial meadow soil in vegetable crop rotation

In a long-term field experiment, laid down in 1968, an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil was carried out. It was found that in the climatic conditions of the Urals, the organic fertilizer system was inferior to the mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems in terms of its effect on crop yields. In some rotations of crop rotations, the organo-mineral fertilizer system was more effective, in others - the mineral fertilizer system. The effectiveness of the use of fertilizers depending on the conditions of humidification of the growing season is considered. The balance of organic carbon and basic nutrients in the soil is calculated. Long-term cultivation of agricultural crops without the use of fertilizers led to the loss of 10 tons of organic carbon, ~2300 kg of nitrogen, 780 kg of phosphorus and 2700 kg of potassium from the soil. High negative balances of basic nutrients in the control variant led to a deterioration in soil fertility indicators. It is shown that the use of all fertilizer systems provided an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds in the soil relative to the initial level by 1.2-3.0 times. When using organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, the maintenance of organic carbon content at the initial level (1.3%) was noted. When using a mineral fertilizer system, the maintenance of the organic carbon content at the initial level was noted only at a higher saturation of the arable land with NPK. The mineral fertilizer system has led to acidification of the soil.

The article considers the results of many years of field experiment (1968-2018) conducted in the Central part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (Vladimir region). The research was carried out during eleven rotations of the four-field grain crop rotation. The study shows the effect of use of organic and mineral fertilizers applied in various doses and combinations on crop rotation yield, fertility of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It was found that the organomineral fertilizer system (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) provided stable crop rotation productivity (on average for eleven rotations) at the level of 39.9 c. e./ha, or 79.7 % higher than the control without fertilizers. The mineral fertilizer system at medium doses of fertilizers (N50P25K60) was at the level of the organomineral system. The organic system was inferior in efficiency to the mineral system, both at medium doses (manure 10 t/ha) and at elevated doses (manure 20 t/ha). At the same time, the long-term use of organic fertilizers provided an increase in the humus content, depending on the dose of litter manure, by 16-36 % compared to the initial values. The use of organic fertilizers led to the stabilization of the content of available forms of potassium in the soil at an average and elevated level, respectively. Stabilization of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil at the level of average supply was noted in mineral, organomineral and organic fertilizer systems, respectively, with low and medium doses. When using increased doses of fertilizers, there is a further increase in the content of nutrients in the soil. Growing crops in crop rotation without the use of organic and mineral fertilizers gradually led to a decrease in yield. The use of fertilizers provided greater stability of crop yields over the years of the study compared to the variant without fertilizers. The soil in the variants with organic (manure 20 t/ha) and organomineral (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) fertilizer systems was characterized by high values of the main physiological groups of microorganisms. The ratio of the number of amylolytic and proteolytic microorganisms was 1.1-1.2, that indicated a balance in the processes of mineralization of organic matter in the soil and its humification.

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of forming winter wheat yield and grain quality, depending on fertilizer system and main tillage in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical (correlation, dispersion) using computer programs Microsoft Office Excel and Statistica 6.0. The researches were carried out during 2011–2017 in the stationary field experiment on the experimental field of the Educational and Scientific-Innovative Center for Agrotechnologies of LLC “Agrofirma “Kolos” (Skvyra district, Kyiv region). Results. The most 1,000 kernel weight was recorded for mineral fertilizer system. Lower indices were observed for organic fertilizer system and in variants with no fertilizer. Test weight of grain under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems corresponded to the second class of quality (according to the State Standard 3768-10 at least 740 g/l) and was 740.2–742.7 g/l. Tillage did not significantly affect the test weight of winter wheat grain. In the variant of shallow low-tillage significant decrease of grain vitreousness was noted, which is explained by decrease of agrophysical and agrochemical indices of soil fertility. It has been established increase in protein content (by 1.4–3.5 %) in winter wheat grains under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems, but use of shallow low-tillage resulted in decrease of this index (by 4.3 %) as compared with the control. Under mineral fertilizer system, winter wheat grain was formed with higher gluten content than under organomineral and organic systems. In the case of shallow low-tillage gluten content in grain declined significantly as compared to control (by 4.7 %). Falling number for winter wheat grain in mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems was quite high (in the range of 225–231 s) that is significantly higher as compared to the control in differentiated and alternating deep and shallow tillage. Under organomineral fertilizer system winter wheat yield did not differ significantly from that of the mineral system. The yield of winter wheat significantly decreased compared to the control (by 0.8 t/ha) with shallow low-tillage. Conclusions. Winter wheat grain quality indices were better under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems. Under organic system they were worse owing to nitrogen deficit. The application of shallow low-tillage significantly reduced the winter wheat grain quality indices. The highest yield of winter wheat was received under mineral fertilizer system (6.8 t/ha), significant decrease was observed under organic fertilizer system.

Topicality. In the condition of insufficient moisture in the Right Bank Steppe of Ukraine, agriculture is associated with weather risks, non-compliance with the appropriate structure of sown areas and fertilization systems, which makes it difficult to obtain high and stable yields of agricultural crops. The development of agricultural systems is the basis for increasing both yield levels and the competitiveness of the agricultural industry as a whole. Aim. To study the influence of fertilization systems on the fertility of ordinary chernozems and crop productivity in biological short-term crop rotations. Methods. Field trial, laboratory, statistical methods. Results. It was found that the field crops of both grain-fallow-row and grain-row crop rotations were formed the highest productivity under high level of fertilization. Under different fertilization systems, it was noted that the productivity of grain-fallow-row crop rotation is higher than grain-row crop rotation by 8.3 t/ha or by 5.6 %. The productivity of both crop rotations was increased by an average of 6.4–7.8 % due to the application of microbial preparations against the background of mineral and organomineral fertilization systems. The content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in all variants of both crop rotations increased due to studied fertilizer rates, but these rates were insufficient to maintain the content of nitrogen and humus at the initial level. In both crop rotations, it was noted that the lowest degree of "burning" humus was on the background of the organomineral fertilizers. When organomineral fertilizers were applied in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.50 % that was 0.06 % less compared to variant with the mineral fertilization and control, and in grain-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.46 % that was less by 0.11 and 0.06 %, respectively. Conclusions. Profit at the level (on average) of UAH 9114.4/ha was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation, it is more by UAH 1039/ha, or 11.4 % compared to grain-row crop rotation. The advantage was that the predecessor residues in the organomineral fertilizer system was used as organic fertilizer, which have a positive effect on the synthesis of organic matter in the soil, productivity and economic efficiency. Keywords: crop rotations, fertilizers, yield, productivity, soil fertility, economic efficiency.

In a long-term stationary experiment to study the fertilizer system in crop rotation, established in 1962–1964 on meadow chernozem-like soil in the southern natural and climatic zone of the Amur region, the influence of prolonged use of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems on the agrochemical properties of meadow chernozem-like soil in relation to the level of crop yield in crop rotation was studied. The use of mineral fertilizers alone and together with organic ones provided an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil by 2.0–2.5 times, its mobility by 2.9–3.5 times relative to control. The long-term use of the organo-mineral fertilizer system led to an increase in the humus content by 0.69% and the preservation of acidity indicators at the initial level, while the application of only mineral fertilizers increased the hydrolytic and metabolic acidity. Wheat yield when applying N30 against the background of prolonged application of fertilizers to the 12th rotation of the crop rotation increased by 0.58 t/ha relative to the control, with its aftereffect – by 0.30 t/ha. At the same time, the yield of soybeans was 2.42–2.62 t/ha. It was found that the productivity of crop rotation was determined by 73% by changes in humus content, soil acid content and mobile P2O5 content in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The relationship of crop rotation productivity with humus content was weak (β = 0.26), hydrolytic acidity – medium reverse (β = –0.57), metabolic acidity – strong reverse (β = –0.81) and phosphorus content – strong (β = 0.84). The values of p-levels and Student coefficients indicated the fact that hydrolytic and metabolic acidity, the content of mobile phosphorus were statistically significant variables.

Purpose. To study the state of humus and the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium in leached chernozem as affected by fertilisation system and the introduction of leguminous crops into the crop rotation. Меthods. Field experiment and analytical method. Results. The data on the content of humus, mobile phosphorus and potassium in the grain fields of crop rotation under the effect of different fertilisation systems are presented. It was established that the humus, mobile phosphorus and potassium content of soil increased significantly with the application of organo-mineral fertilisation system, while the factor of the field of crop rotation was insignificant. The mineral fertilisation system was inferior to the organo-mineral one in terms of its effect on the key fertility indicators of the soil. Conclusions. The application of mineral fertilisers in both grain fields of crop rotation promoted an increase in the humus content layer by 0.02−0.05% in the 0–30 cm compared to zero fertilisation (control). At the same time, application of N33.3Р13.3K20 and N50P20K30 in the field with pea provided a slightly higher increase in the humus content of soil compared to the control than in the field with buckwheat – 0.02% and 0.01%, respectively. The maximum content of humus in the soil − 4.06% in the 0–30 cm layer and 3.86% in the 30–40 cm layer − was achieved with the application of N50P20K30 + green manure + harvest residues ensuring 0.13% and 0.02%, respectively, increase to the control. Mobile phosphorus and potassium contents of soil were affected mainly by the factor fertilisation system. They were the highest in the field with pea under the organo-mineral fertilisation system (N50P20K30 + green manure + harvest residues): 138 mg/kg and 103 mg/kg in the 0–30 cm layer and 116 mg/kg and 67 mg/kg in the 30–40 cm layer, exceeding the control by 18 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, respectively. The combined application of mineral and organic fertilisers significantly increased the amount of phosphorus and potassium income in the soil and ensured the highest content of their mobile forms. The application of mineral fertilisers was much less effective compared to organic-mineral in terms of the impact on the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium. The introduction of the leguminous crop to the grain field of crop rotation did not significantly affect soil fertility.

Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a promising cereal crop that has a number of economically valuable properties that are absent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine) in a long-term stationary experiment, founded in 1964. The aim of the work was to study the influence of long-term application of different fertilizer systems (mineral, organic and organo-mineral) on the yield and grain quality of spring triticale. It has been established that in the conditions of high air temperature and soil moisture deficit, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have an advantage. In sufficient wet conditions, all studied fertilizer systems are highly efficient. Spring triticale (Kharkiv Hlibodar variety) has a high reaction to fertilizers, as grain yield increases from 6.3–6.6 to 9.0–9.5 t ha-1 (р≤0.05). Mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have the greatest effect on protein content. In conditions of sufficient moisture, all levels of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems significantly increase the protein content in spring triticale grain. In arid conditions, saturation of crop rotation area with N90P90K90 (M2), N135P135K135 (M3) and Manure 9 t +N46P68K36 (OM2), Manure 13.5 t + N69P102K54 (OM3) is preferred. It should be noted that spring triticale is quite reactive with fertilizers, as the protein content increases from 13.2–14.0 to 15.2–16.0% (р≤0.05) depending on the fertilizer system. The high influence of fertilizer system and year factors on yield and protein content in triticale grain has been established. It should be noted that spring triticale grain yield varies most from the weather conditions of the growing season.

The article presents the results of comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the long-term application of mineral and organic fertilizers in the crop rotation system. It was found that the application of the mineral fertilizer system increased the value of hydrolytic acidity of the soil from 4,30 to 5,29 mg-eq per 100 g of soil, the indicator of metabolic acidity decreased from 5,2 to 4,9 pH units. By the end of the 11th rotation for both fertilizer systems, the content of mobile phosphorus increased by more than 4 times relative to the initial value, its mobility indicator – by 2,2-3,2 times compared with the control. The use of the organo-mineral system was accompanied by an increase in the content of humus by 0,35 % and a decrease in the C:N ratio from 11,2 to 8,9. The increased productivity of wheat was revealed when applying nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers against the background of prolonged use of the mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer system. The change in wheat productivity by 56 % depended on the content of mineral nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, humus in the topsoil, and on the phosphate ion mobility. Soybean productivity depended on soil fertility indicators only by 24 %: the relationship between soybean productivity and the mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus is weak and direct, between productivity and P2O5 mobility - weak and inverse, with humus - moderate and direct.

In a two-factor long-term field experiment in the vetch-oatmeal–winter wheat–barley crop rotation, the effect of fertilizer and liming systems on changes in the content of mobile (according to Kirsanov) and lightly mobile (according to Scofield) phosphorus and potassium in sod-podzolic light loamy soil was studied. The effect of various fertilizer systems was studied: organic (cattle manure), mineral and 2 organomineral fertilizer systems on a limed background and without liming. According to the effect on crop yields, fertilizer systems were arranged in the following ascending order: organic ≥ mineral ≥ organomineral (half doses) > organomineral (full doses). In the 2nd rotation, the aftereffect of liming at a dose of 1.0 Аg at an initial pHKCl value of 5.1–5.2 units was statistically insignificant. The use of an organomineral fertilizer system (manure at a dose of 50 t/ha + N150P120K225) made it possible to increase the productivity of the crop rotation link to 3.84–4.07 t feeding units (f.u.)/ha, which was 1.57–1.75 t f.u./ha more than in the control without fertilizers. At the same time, the content of mobile phosphorus (capacity factor) increased by 13%, the degree of mobility (intensity factor) increased by 2.6 times compared with the control. The content of mobile potassium increased by 65%, the degree of its mobility increased by 2.0 times. The difference utilization rate was 18–21% P2O5 and 41–46% K2O. The specific phosphorus removal was 9.5–9.9, potassium – 32–33 kg f.u./t and did not depend on the level of soil acidity. The phosphorus balance had a positive average correlation (r = 0.58) with the change in the content of readily available phosphorus determined by the Scofield method. The potassium balance had an average strength correlation (r = 0.46) with a change in the content of mobile potassium determined by the Kirsanov method. We believe that in agrochemical practice, these methods should be used together, mutually complementing each other, most fully characterizing the mobility and availability of phosphorus and potassium in the soil for plants.

Due to the systematic utilisation of substantial amounts of phosphorus fertilisers on agricultural crops in crop rotation, the amount of available phosphate compounds increases in the soil. It ensures the maximum increase in crop yields. The study of the phosphate level in chernozem soils in various agrocenoses is really up-to-date. The gist of our research was to determine the specifics of providing mobile phosphorus in typical chernozem in field crop rotation, especially in sunflower, varying according to fertilisation systems in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The assessment of mobile phosphorus content was conducted using the Chirikov method, which involves extracting mobile phosphorus compounds from the soil using a solution containing acetic acid (CH3COOH) at a concentration of 0.5 mol dm−3, with a soil–to–solution ratio of 1:25. Phosphorus was determined with the spectrophotocolorimetric method, which is based on the colour intensity of the phosphorus-molybdenum complex. Our investigations showed that the typical low-humus chernozems have considerable reservoirs of potentially exploitable phosphorus for plant nourishment. We established that the mineral and organic-mineral fertilisation system leads to a greater use of mobile phosphorus with agricultural crops of crop rotation resulting in the formation of elevated phosphate content in the chernozem soil. By the end of the second rotation, the organic-mineral fertilisation system variant displayed the greatest concentration of mobile phosphorus within the 0–25 cm soil depth, marking a surge of 15.6 mg kg−1 compared to the unfertilised variant. In the period of sunflower germination, the content of mobile phosphates increased in the soil layers at depths of 0–25 cm and 25–50 cm in the variant of the mineral fertilisation system on 17.6 and 22.2 mg kg−1 of soil compared to the alternative without the fertiliser. In the sunflower’s ripening period, the mobile phosphorus concentration in the soil at 0–25 cm depth increased significantly in the variant of organic-mineral fertilisation system by 12.0 mg kg−1 and mineral fertilisation by 14.7 mg kg−1 of soil if compared with the variant lacking the fertiliser. In the variant of the mineral fertilisation system, the amount of mobile phosphorus increased in the 0–30 cm soil depth by 18.7 mg kg−1 of soil in two crop rotations compared to the beginning of the first crop rotation.

The purpose of the work was to assess the effect of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems on the balance of greenhouse gases (CO 2 and N 2 O) in the agroecosystem wile winter wheat producing. The experiment was conducted 2021–2024 in the steppe zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Tersky District, Opytnoye Village) on a site of long-term experiments included in the Geosystem (No. 037). The soil of the site is represented by ordinary micellar-carbonate chernozem. The calculation of the carbon dioxide balance was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (Order No. 371 dated May 22, 2022). The volumes of nitrous oxide emissions were determined in accordance with the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. By comparing the CO 2 -eq balance data in the agroecosystem and the CO 2 -eq corresponding to the amount of N 2 O emitted from the nitrogen contained in plant residues and fertilizers, as well as the mineralizable nitrogen in the soil, the most climate-friendly (carbon sequestration capacity) system was identified. The average amount of CO 2 -eq accumulated in the “soil–plant” system over 4 years under the organo-mineral fertilizer system was 98.5 t/ha, compared to 28.7 t/ha under the mineral system. These figures reflect the difference in carbon balance compared to the control option, which did not use any fertilizers. The main absorber of CO 2 was the soil, both in the topsoil and in the subsoil (0–40 cm). In the organic-mineral system, the accumulation of carbon in the soil was 25.2 t/ha (92.2 t/ha CO 2 -eq). In the mineral system, it was 7.3 t/ha or 26.7 t/ha CO 2 -eq.

Purpose. To investigate the influence of mineral, traditional and alternative organic-mineral fertilization systems on productivity and technological quality of sugar beet roots. Меthods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. Research data on the effectiveness of traditional and alternative fertilization systems in increasing the productivity and technological quality of sugar beet roots are given. The perspective of using straw, green mass of white mustard and mineral fertilizers to obtain high yield and technological quality of sugar beet roots under conditions of sufficient moisture on leached chernozem has been established. Conclusions. The mineral fertilizer system was inferior to the organic-mineral fertilization in terms of efficiency. The maximum dose of mineral fertilizers N120P80K120 ensured roots yield – 67.5 t/ha, sugar content – 17.9 %, sugar yield – 12.1 t/ha. The highest productivity of sugar beet was achieved with the application of 40 t/ha of manure + N90P60K90: yield of roots – 79.6 t/ha, sugar content – 18.2 %, sugar yield – 14.5 t/ha with an increase in yield compared to the control without fertilizers – by 37.0 t/ha, sugar yield – by 6.7 t/ha. The application of straw + green manure + N90P60K90 was determined to be promising under sugar beet: roots yield – 70.3 t/ha, sugar content – 18.2 %, sugar yield – 12.8 t/ha. The specified fertilization system was inferior to the application of 40 t/ha of manure + N90P60K90 in yield by 9.3 t/ha, sugar collection – by 1.7 t/ha. The use of fertilizers insignificantly increased the loss of sugar in molasses compared to the control without fertilizers: with the application of mineral fertilizers - by 0.01–0.05 %, 40 t/ha of manure + N90P60K90 – by 0.07 %, straw + green manure + N90P60K90 – by 0.04 %.

The influence of mineral and organomineral (NPK + cattle manure) fertilizer systems in crop rotation on the yield of grain crops and annual grasses has been studied in a long-term stationary experiment on gray forest soils of the Vladimir Opole. It was found that it was 84.3–98.5% dependent on N-NO3 reserves formed during the growing season of crops. These reserves, with the combined use of cattle manure up to 80 t/ha for rotation of crop rotation and one-time N80 as part of NPK for culture, did not limit its yield. It is proposed to predict the yield of grain and hay of cultivated crops based on the relationship of the nitrogen mobilization pool with N-NO3 reserves formed during the growing season of spring crops and from regrowth to harvesting of winter crops, and their utilization coefficients for nitrogen removal by grain and straw. The size of the formation of N-NO3 reserves during the growing season and the coefficients of their use for takeaway products are estimated by zonal research institutions; the mobilization pool of nitrogen is calculated from the adopted fertilizer system. Data on nitrogen removal from products can be used from reference literature, more correctly from research data from research institutions. For grain crops and annual grasses of the 7-field crop rotation, a good agreement of the experimental yield with the calculated one was obtained. It has been reliably established that with an increase in the aridity of the growing seasons during the cultivation of spring cereals and annual grasses, the role of the nitrogen mobilization pool in the transformation of soil nitrogen into its mobile forms increases. It is shown that on gray forest soils of the Upper Volga region, when using organomineral fertilizer systems in a 7-field crop rotation, a single dose of N40P40K40 is optimal for the cultivation of grain crops, N60–75 – for the cultivation of annual legume-cereal grasses.

Системи удобрення батату (ipomoеa batаtas) в умовах Лівобережного Лісостепу України

The research results of the influence of fertilizer systems on the productivity of spring barley in the Right-bank Forest Steppe were presented. Traditionally fertilized backgrounds were studied: mineral, organic and organomineral (with half fertilizer rates of previous backgrounds), and the alternative to organic matter was cereal straw and biomass of green manure crops. The best backgrounds and optimal fertilizer systems for high level of grain yield were determined. The main factors that formed the productive plant density of spring barley were the rates and types of fertilizers. The improving of plant nutrition due to using of organic and mineral fertilizers led to an increase in the productive plant density in the agrocenosis and the competitiveness of plants, the reducing of weed infestation. Depending on the type of fertilizer, the grain yield of spring barley changed. Based on the research results, it was found that the combination of traditional fertilization with the application of alternative types of organic matter increased the grain yield of barley spring compared to the control variant on mineral background within 1.61–2.04 t/ha, organic – 1.69–2.14 t/ha, organomineral – 1.79–2.19 t/ha. At the same time, the yield indicators had a range: 4.86–5.29 t/ha on the mineral, 4.94–5.39 t/ha – organic and 5.04–5.44 t/ha organomineral background. The highest yield of spring barley was provided by a combined fertilizer system with half norms both mineral fertilizer and manure against the background of the afteraction of predecessor straw with compensatory dose of N10/t and green manure biomass of white mustard as organic fertilizer, and equaled of 5.44 t/ha (yield gain was 2.19 t/ha compared to control). The optimal fertilizer systems to increase of spring barley yield in conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe are combined mineral, organic and organomineral fertilizer systems, which include the use of traditional fertilizers: the action of mineral fertilizers and the afteraction of manure, as well as alternative fertilizers – the straw of predecessor with a compensatory dose of N10/t in combination with the white mustard biomass. Keywords: spring barley, predecessor by-products, mineral fertilizers, yield, fertilizer systems, grain quality.