Abstract
A mechanism for surface image-state formation in inverse-photoemission spectroscopy at free-electron-like metal surfaces is proposed and applied explicitly to Al(111). In the analysis, a multiple-scattering approach is used where the substrate (jellium) reflectivity to an electron virtual-photon field (or bremsstrahlung electromagnetic radiation) produced in the inverse-photoemission experiment is calculated via the Fresnel equations with the nonlocal surface corrections using the d-parameter formalism. In contrast to earlier statements, we assign the measured peak on inverse-photoemission spectra at Al(111) to the n=2 image surface state only.
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