Duration of feeding linseed diet influences peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and tumor necrosis factor gene expression, and muscle mass of growing–finishing barrows

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of duration of feeding linseed (rich in n-3 PUFA) on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) gene expression, and muscle mass of growing–finishing barrows. Two isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated, and one of which was the basal diet and another one was the linseed diet including linseed at the level of 10%. Twenty-four Landrace × Yorkshire barrows weighing 35 ± 3.7 kg were randomly assigned to four treatments with six individuals per treatment. Pigs in treatment 1 (T1) fed the control diet throughout the experimental period, while pigs in T2, T3 and T4 fed the control diet except for 30, 60, and 90 d prior to slaughter when the linseed diet were fed. The experiment was conducted for 90 days. The longissimus muscle mass and each muscle mass in the hind leg were weighted. PPARγ and TNF-α mRNA expression levels in muscle, spleen and adipose tissue, and plasma concentrations of TNF-α data were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the longissimus muscle mass, quadriceps femoris muscle mass and semitendinosus muscle mass increased linearly ( P < 0.01) as prolonged the time of feeding linseed diet. The expression of PPARγ in longissimus muscle and spleen increased ( P < 0.01) linearly as prolonged the time of feeding linseed diet, while the expression of PPARγ in adipose tissue were not affected ( P = 0.095). Duration of linseed addition linearly decreased ( P < 0.01) TNF-α gene expression levels in the longissimus dorsi muscle, adipose and spleen, and serum concentration of TNF-α as well. The expression levels of PPARγ negatively correlated with the expression of TNF-α in muscle ( R 2 = 0.70, P < 0.001) and spleen ( R 2R 2 = 0.77, P < 0.001) respectively. Likewise, PPARγ expression level in spleen ( R 2R 2 = 0.59, P < 0.01) or muscle ( R 2R 2 = 0.52, P < 0.05) negative correlated with serum TNF-α concentration, while there were significant quadratic relation between muscular PPARγ ( R 2R 2 = 0.80, P < 0.01) or muscular TNF-α ( R 2R 2 = 0.87, P < 0.01) expression and the longissimus dorsi muscle mass. These data suggested that duration of feeding linseed diet lead to a linear decrease of TNF-α gene expression, which may increase the muscle mass in growing–finishing barrows, at least in part, through a PPARγ-dependent mechanism.