Dual growth of graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes hybrid structure via chemical vapor deposition of methane over Fe–MgO catalysts

Abstract

In this study, Fe–MgO catalyst substrates with various Fe and MgO combinations were evaluated for the growth of different types of carbon nanostructure materials (CNMs), particularly graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via chemical vapor deposition using methane as a carbon source. The hydrogen yield was also determined as a valuable by-product in this process. Therefore, a set of Fe–MgO catalysts with different iron loadings (30, 80, 85, 90 and 100 wt %) were prepared by the combustion method to realize this target. The physicochemical properties of freshly calcined Fe–MgO catalysts were investigated by XRD, TPR and BET, while the as-grown CNMs were studied by HR-TEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The results verified that the morphology of as-grown CNMs as well as the H2 yield was directly correlated to the iron content in the catalyst composition. The XRD and TPR results showed that various FeMgOx species with deferent levels of interactions were produced with the gradual incorporation of MgO content. TEM images indicated that GNPs were individually grown on the surface of high loaded iron-containing catalysts (90–100 wt %) due to the presence of highly aggregated iron particles. While multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with uniform diameters were grown on the low iron-loaded catalyst (30%Fe/MgO) due to the formation of highly dispersed FeMgOx particles. On the other hand, GNPs/MWCNTs hybrid materials were grown on the surface of 80%Fe and 85%Fe/MgO catalysts. This behavior can be interpreted by the co-existence of highly aggregated and highly dispersed Fe2O3 particles in the catalyst matrix. The results demonstrated that the catalyst composition has a notable effect on the nature of CNMs products and H2 yield.