Abstract
Dual energy (DE) technique has been used by numerous studies in order to detect breast cancer in early stages. Although mammography is the gold standard, the dual energy technique offers the advantage of the suppression of the contrast between adipose and glandular tissues and reveals pathogenesis that is not present in conventional mammography. Both dual energy subtraction and dual energy contrast enhanced techniques were used in order to study the potential of dual energy technique to assist in detection or/and visualization of calcification minerals, masses and lesions obscured by overlapping tissue. This article reviews recent developments in this field, regarding: i) simulation studies carried out for the optimizations of the dual energy technique used in order to characterize and quantify calcification minerals or/and visualize suspected findings, and ii) the subsequent experimental verifications, and finally, the adaptation of the dual energy technique in clinical practice.
Highlights
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in the United States [1], accounting for approximately 12% of globally diagnosed cancers in 2012 [2]
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon flat panel detectors coupled with a thallium-doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) converter layer have extensively used in dual energy mammography studies [8,9,21,22,23,34,35,36,37]
The results showed that the Kalender’s Noise Reduction Technique (KNR) method provided the most effective reduction of image noise with simultaneous increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio value
Summary
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in the United States [1], accounting for approximately 12% of globally diagnosed cancers in 2012 [2]. A considerable percentage of non-palpable breast cancers (30–50%) are detected only because of the appearance of microcalcifications in a mammogram [10] Several imaging modalities, such as mammography, ultrasound, and digital tomosynthesis, have been used for breast cancer diagnosis. In dual energy contrast enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) has been evaluated for the improvement in the detection of lesions in the final (subtracted) image [22,23]. This paper reviews recent developments in this field regarding: (i) the simulation studies performed for the optimization of the dual energy technique in order to detect/visualize suspected findings (masses, lesions and calcification minerals with crystalline formation), (ii) the experimental verifications of studies as well as their results, and (iii) the application of DE in clinical practice
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