Dual delivery of mulberry leaf extract and ciprofloxacin via mannitol/xylitol-coated zein nanoparticles for overcoming antibiotic resistance

The potential of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract against pro-aggregant tau-mediated inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.

In this work, mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract was added in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films and its impact on the film’s properties was evaluated. In addition, HCl and glycerol were studied for their use as additives to prepare PVA-based films. The results showed that HCl and glycerol have minimal impacts on the films’ appearance, while mulberry leaf extract imparted green colour to the films produced, mainly due to the presence of green pigments. Moreover, the results suggested that a significant interaction has occurred between the polymer matrix and leaf extract, contributing to a more compact and uniform film morphology. The tensile strengths of the films increased from 21.38 to 28.28 MPa after the addition of mulberry leaf extract. Additionally, the films were tested for their application as food wrapping films. Overall, the results showed that PVA-based films incorporated with mulberry leaf extract have higher capability to preserve the freshness of food when compared to commercial cling wraps from brands such as Diamond and Glad. Appropriate proportions of additives (mulberry leaf extract, HCl and glycerol) used in the formulation of P-GH-M20 films showed improvement in its mechanical properties and food preservation capability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antiobesity effect of combinational mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and mulberry fruit extract (MFE) in a high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice. Mice were fed a control diet or a HF diet for nine weeks. After obesity was induced, the mice were administered with single MLE at low dose (133 mg/kg/day, LMLE) and high dose (333 mg/kg/day, HMLE) or combinational MLE and MFE (MLFE) at low dose (133 mg MLE and 67 mg MFE/kg/day, LMLFE) and high dose (333 mg MLE and 167 mg MFE/kg/day, HMLFE) by stomach gavage for 12 weeks. The mulberry leaf and fruit extract treatment for 12 weeks did not show liver toxicity. The single MLE and combinational MLFE treatments significantly decreased plasma triglyceride, liver lipid peroxidation levels and adipocyte size and improved hepatic steatosis as compared with the HF group. The combinational MLFE treatment significantly decreased body weight gain, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. HMLFE treatment significantly improved glucose control during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test compared with the HF group. Moreover, HMLFE treatment reduced protein levels of oxidative stress markers (manganese superoxide dismutase) and inflammatory markers (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1) in liver and adipose tissue. Taken together, combinational MLFE treatment has potential antiobesity and antidiabetic effects through modulation of obesity-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in HF diet-induced obesity.

This study investigates the impact of mulberry leaf extract on the viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility of spermatozoa from male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to e-cigarette smoke. A total of twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), T1, T2, and T3. All groups, except for the NC group, were exposed to e-cigarette smoke. Rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups received mulberry leaf extract in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw, respectively, while the NC and PC groups were given a placebo of 1% Na-CMC. Both the mulberry leaf extract and the placebo were administered daily, beginning three days prior to the start of e-cigarette smoke exposure, which lasted for 28 days. Results showed that spermatozoa motility, plasma membrane integrity, and viability in the experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the NC group (p <0.05). Conversely, rats in the T1, T2, and T3 groups that received mulberry leaf extract demonstrated significantly greater spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility compared to the PC group (p <0.05). The T3 group exhibited the most pronounced improvements, with significantly enhanced spermatozoa viability, membrane integrity, and motility (p <0.05) relative to the PC group. These results indicate that mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract enhanced spermatozoa viability, plasma membrane integrity, and motility in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to e-cigarette smoke.

Vasodilatory effects of mulberry (Morus spp.) leaf extract on porcine cerebral arteries in vitro: Possible underlying mechanisms

Survival of probiotics in soyoghurt plus mulberry (c.v. Chiang Mai 60) leaf extract during refrigerated storage and their ability to tolerate gastrointestinal transit

This study evaluates how white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts affect the growth, antioxidant activity, and immune response in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Mulberry leaf extracts were obtained through aqueous extraction (AE) and ethanol extraction (EE). Powder of mulberry leaf (PML) was added directly to feed and compared with the effects of feeds supplemented with the different extracts. Fish were divided into eight groups for an 8-week feeding trial where they were fed the basal diet or supplemented with 10% PML, 10% AE, 20% AE, 40% AE, 10% EE, 20% EE, or 40% EE. The inclusion of mulberry leaf extract obtained with either method showed better effects on fish growth performance, antioxidant activities and acid phosphatase activity (ACP) in serum, immune cytokine expression, and intestinal morphology as compared with controls or fish fed the 10% PML diet. The specific growth rate was significantly higher in the 10% AE, 10% EE, and 20% EE groups compared with all other groups (P<0.05). Catalase activity was significantly greater in most groups fed an extract, and in the 10% PML group, when compared with controls. Similarly, ACP, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-2 expression was significantly increased in groups fed an extract, and in the 10% PML group, when compared with controls (P<0.05). IL- 1, IL-2, IL-10, and Toll-like receptor 2 expression was significantly greater in the 10% EE group than in the 10% PML and 10% AE groups (P<0.05). Villus length in the middle intestine was significantly increased in the 10% AE and 10% EE groups compared with controls and the 10% PML group (P<0.05). Thus, 10% mulberry leaf ethanol extract added to feed is recommended for enhancing the growth rate and health of cultured Nile tilapia.

Study background: Hypercholesterolemia causes arteriosclerosis, a risk factor for cerebral or myocardial infarctions.Prevention of hypercholesterolemia by improving dietary habits has recently attracted attention in many countries.It has been reported that the leaves of the mulberry plant, Morus alba L., which is commonly used for tea in Asian countries, can ameliorate hypercholesterolemic conditions. Method:To determine its mechanism of action, we performed gene expression profiling of the liver of mice fed a high-cholesterol diet and a polyphenol-rich mulberry leaf extract containing abundant quercetin and kaempferol for 4 weeks. Results:The levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in plasma, and level of total cholesterol in the liver were significantly lower in the mice treated with the mulberry leaf extract than that in the control group mice.DNA microarray analysis revealed that mulberry extract downregulated the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, including hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene, and upregulated the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and γ, transcriptional factors known to regulate lipid metabolism or immunity, and their target genes.Additionally, the mulberry extract stimulated both innate and acquired immunity, including the induction of scavenger and Toll-like receptors and the activation of pathways in various lymphocytes, such as macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells. Conclusion:The results obtained in this study suggest that quercetin and kaempferol in the mulberry leaf induce the activation of PPARα and PPARγ, transcription of Ppara and Pparg genes, and stimulation of PPAR signaling pathways.These phenomena ultimately lead to the reduction of cholesterol synthesis and immunostimulation.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.), and above all the extract from the leaves of this plant, is a natural medicine that has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years. Mulberry leaves contains polyphenol compounds: flavonoids, coumarins, numerous phenolic acids, as well as terpenes and steroids. The antioxidant effect of these compounds may be beneficial to the fat fraction of meat products, thereby increasing their functional qualities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of mulberry water leaf extract, as an additive limiting adverse fat changes and affecting the functionality in model liver pâtés. Pork pâtés were prepared by replacing 20% of animal fat with rapeseed oil (RO), and water extract of mulberry leaves was added in the proportion of 0.2%, 0.6% and 1.0%. It has been shown that the addition of mulberry leaf extract delayed the appearance of primary and secondary fat oxidation products. The most effective antioxidant effect during 15-day storage was observed in the sample with the addition of 0.6% and 1.0% water mulberry leaf extract. These samples also showed inhibiting activity against angiotensin-converting enzymes and cholinesterase’s. During storage, the tested pâtés had a high sensory quality with unchanged microbiological quality. Mulberry leaf extract can be an interesting addition to the production of fat meat products, delaying adverse changes in the lipid fraction and increasing the functionality of products.

Postprandial glycemic effects of lactose-hydrolyzed milk supplemented with mulberry leaf and corn silk extracts in adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial.

Mulberry leaves (Morus alba) have been used in folk medicine to mitigate symptoms of diabetes. The mulberry plant contains phenolic compounds that are able to decrease blood glucose concentration. Since various phenolics have antioxidant and metal binding properties, they can be used to alleviate oxidative stress and chelate trace elements involved in redox reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with mulberry leaf extracts (acetone–water (AE) and ethanol–water (EE)) on the trace element status (Fe, Zn and Cu) in relation to diabetes management and antioxidant indices in high-fat diet-fed/STZ diabetic rats. The experiment was performed on 38 male Wistar rats with diabetes (induced by high-fat diet (HF) and streptozotocin injection) or the control fed with AIN-93M or high-fat diet. As a result, five experimental groups were used: (1) a healthy control group fed with AIN-93M; (2) an HF control group; (3) a diabetic HF group; (4) a diabetic HF + AE group (6 g/kg diet); (5) a diabetic HF + EE group (6 g/kg diet). The rats were fed with appropriate diets for 4 weeks. The content of trace elements (Fe, Zn and Cu) in the serum and tissues was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Biochemical analyses (glucose, TBARS, FRAP) were performed on the blood serum. It was shown that the AE decreased hepatic and renal Fe stores, while the EE increased hepatic Cu levels in diabetic rats and confirmed their ability to regulate the Fe and Cu status in diabetes. The results confirmed a significant hypoglycaemic and antioxidant potential of both mulberry leaf extracts in diabetic rats.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of enzyme treatment with β-glucosidase on antioxidant capacity of the mulberry leaf extract (MLE) using oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC) assay. The MLE was prepared by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min and treated with β-glucosidase for 9 hr. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that only qercetin-3-β-d-glucose (QT-G) among quercetin (QT) glycosides of MLE, including QT-G, quercetin-3-O-glucose-6″-acetate (QT-GA), and rutin (RT), was converted into QT by 3 hr treatment with β-glucosidase. The in vitro peroxyl radical- and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity significantly increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 6 and 9 hr, respectively. The metal chelating activity increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 3 hr. The intracellular antioxidant capacity of MLE to protect AAPH- and Cu2+-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells significantly increased after the enzyme treatment using β-glucosidase for 3 and 6 hr, respectively, indicating that QT may be released from QT-G by β-glucosidase and penetrate into cell membrane so that it can contribute to the intracellular antioxidant capacity of MLE.

In this study, we report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Morus alba or white mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and assess their antibacterial and anticancer potential. The GC-MS analysis of MLE confirmed the existence of phenolic compounds, serving as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The MLE-AgNPs were spherical, with an average particle size of 20-44.5 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. EDX spectra confirmed the formation of AgNPs, and a negative zeta potential value (-14.5 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. Excellent antibacterial activity was demonstrated by MLE-AgNPs against Acinetobacter baumannii strains with a MIC of 2 μg/mL, while good activity was observed against other Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria with a MIC of 32 μg/mL. In vitro cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) and MCF-10A (normal human mammary epithelial cells) were investigated by the MTT assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) against MCF-7 cells were 18 and 33 μg/mL for MLE-AgNPs and MLE, respectively, with no effect on normal MCF-10A cells. Altogether, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AgNPs by white mulberry leaf extract.

Objective: Postprandial hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase can attenuate postprandial glycemic response (PPGR). This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of mulberry leaf and corn silk on these enzymes in vitro and their impact on postprandial glucose (PG) levels in prediabetic individuals using milk-based matrices. Research Design and Methods: In vitro, enzyme inhibition was assessed using the DNS method (α-amylase) and pNPG method (α-glucosidase). A randomized crossover trial was conducted in 11 prediabetic individuals with four interventions: pure milk; lactose-hydrolyzed milk; lactose-hydrolyzed milk with mulberry leaf, corn silk, and resistant dextrin; and GOS milk with mulberry leaf and corn silk. PPGR was assessed by area under the glucose curve, 1 and 2 h PG, maximum PG, and 2 h glucose excursion. Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for comparisons. Results: Mulberry leaf and corn silk extracts inhibited both enzymes dose-dependently, with synergistic effects. No significant differences in PPGR indices were observed across interventions in the overall prediabetic individuals. However, in the overweight subgroup, the combination of GOS milk supplemented with mulberry leaf and corn silk significantly reduced 1 h PG (median difference [P25, P75]: −0.84 mmol/L [−1.05, −0.49]), maximum PG (−0.54 mmol/L [−0.75, −0.25]), and glucose excursion (−0.62 mmol/L [−0.75, −0.24]) compared to pure milk. Conclusions: Mulberry leaf and corn silk extracts inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro and may attenuate postprandial glucose excursions in overweight prediabetic individuals when delivered in a GOS milk matrix.

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of various mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts (MLEs), including mulberry ethanol extract (MEE), aqueous extract (MAE) and a combination extract (MCE) against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver injury in rats. It aimed to explore the possible molecular mechanism of the liver-protecting function of mulberry leaves and provide a reference for choosing the appropriate extraction method. The results showed that the three extracts contained different amounts of phenolic compounds, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and polysaccharides. MLEs markedly improved the pathological status of rat liver tissue, decreased the levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MDA, while increased the levels of GSH, SOD and CAT in the D-GalN/LPS-treated rats at the same time. MEE, with the highest amount of total phenolics, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity corresponding to the protein expression level of Nrf2 and HO-1. MCE significantly suppressed the expression of apoptosis-related dot-like protein (ASC) and Caspase-1 and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, thereby showing high anti-inflammatory activity. These results indicated that the active components from mulberry leaves protected rats against acute liver injury, attributed to a reduction in both oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The protective effect may be implicated in regulating the Nrf2, NLRP3 and MAPK signaling pathways.