Abstract
The emphasis on God’s worship must be questioned at the turn of our era in order to understand the issues of the monotheistic affirmation. We note that the strict separation between YHWH and celestial figures was not without discussion. Indeed, passages of Jewish literature bear hints of a competition between YHWH and the angels in worship. Some Jews would be inclined to worship God but also his angels or at least the main angel at the end of the Second Temple period. This cult appears as a form of private piety without institutionalized worship. Many so-called magical papyri could be understood in this perspective. In parallel, the liturgical development of Shema may reflect an attempt to repel this private piety attached to the powers of the angels. Phylacteries and mezuzot, which retain the belief in the Shema, may materialize an institutional response in the private sphere.
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