Abstract
Background and Objectives: Studying responses in woody plants upon water limitation is gaining importance due to the predicted increase in frequency and intensity of droughts in Europe. We studied the variation in radial growth and in wood anatomical traits caused by water limited growth conditions in offspring from Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Q. robur L. and their morphological intermediates grown in the same environment. Materials and Methods: Cross sections were prepared from the stems of 210 three-year-old potted seedlings, comprising control plants and seedlings that experienced from late spring until early autumn of the first growing season two sequential periods of water with-holding each followed by plentiful re-watering. Pith radius, ring width of the three growing seasons and latewood vessel diameter in second and third growing season were measured. Presence of intra-annual density fluctuations, dendritic patterns of latewood vessels and the level of ring closure of earlywood vessels were observed. The traits were modelled to examine the explanatory power of the taxon of the mother tree and the drought treatment. Results: Most of the traits displayed significant differences between offspring from Q. petraea and Q. robur and offspring from the morphological intermediates behaved inconsistent among the traits. Most of the traits were significantly affected by the drought stress in the first growing season. Apart from radial growth, also latewood vessel size was reduced in the two growing seasons following the year in which drought was imposed on the seedlings, suggesting an adaptation to improve the tolerance to drought stress. We also found an indication for a compensation growth mechanism, counteracting the lost growing time during the drought stress, as the level of ring closure of the earlywood vessels in the year following the drought treatment was further advanced in the treated seedlings, an effect that disappeared in the subsequent year. Conclusion: Oaks exposed to drought adapt their growth and xylem structure to improve drought resistance. While youth growth of Q. robur is more competition-oriented, with a faster juvenile growth, Q. petraea seems to invest more in a precautious growth, being more prepared for stressful conditions. It is therefore possible that Q. robur seedlings may suffer more from intensified droughts than Q. petraea seedlings.
Highlights
The success of seedling growth is the key driver of natural regeneration in forest ecosystems [1].The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, drought periods, and late spring frosts is expected to increase, leading to extra risks in forestry [2]
We studied the pith size, the radial growth dynamics, the latewood vessel size, dendritic patterns of latewood vessel arrangement and earlywood vessel ring closure in the secondary xylem of three-year-old oak seedlings that were offspring from Q. petraea, from Q. robur and from their morphological intermediates and that experienced drought stress in the first growing season
As the latewood vessel sizes were smaller in the drought treated group of plants in 2015, which can be interpreted as an adaptation to potential future drought periods, these results suggest multiple independent signals that are activated upon drought and re-watering that drive earlywood and latewood vessel growth
Summary
The success of seedling growth is the key driver of natural regeneration in forest ecosystems [1].The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heat waves, drought periods, and late spring frosts is expected to increase, leading to extra risks in forestry [2]. In Q. petraea and Q. robur, the earlywood vessel area increases with the age and size of the tree, supporting the higher water demand in the crown [7]. Apart from radial growth, latewood vessel size was reduced in the two growing seasons following the year in which drought was imposed on the seedlings, suggesting an adaptation to improve the tolerance to drought stress. We found an indication for a compensation growth mechanism, counteracting the lost growing time during the drought stress, as the level of ring closure of the earlywood vessels in the year following the drought treatment was further advanced in the treated seedlings, an effect that disappeared in the subsequent year. It is possible that Q. robur seedlings may suffer more from intensified droughts than Q. petraea seedlings
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