Drivers of food-away-from-home consumption propensity and expenditures in Ethiopia: a double-hurdle approach

Labor is an essential input in the production process. The pattern and intensity of its use has generated a lot of attention from the viewpoint of increasing productivity and employment. This study examined the pattern of labor use and labor productivity among agricultural households in Nigeria. The Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) wave 2 (2012/2013) was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, partial labor productivity measure, and two-stage least squares regression. The average age of male household head and female household head was 50.74±14.83 years and 59.65±12.69 years respectively. They are mostly married with an average household size of 7 and 4 members for male-headed and female-headed households respectively. The number of labor use during planting and harvesting activities revealed that female-headed household use more family labor than male-headed households while male-headed households use more hired labor during planting and harvesting activities than their female counterpart. Labor use is positively influenced by crop output, age of household head, household size, farm size, herbicide use, and credit access. The use of machinery, wage rate, and farm size negatively influenced labor use. Labor productivity was low, as majority was below the mean cut off point. Labor productivity was 0.45 and 0.41 in male-headed and female-headed households respectively. Factors that affect labor productivity were quantity of fertilizer used, seeds, and type of cropping system employed. Since labor productivity can be enhanced by the use of fertilizers and improved seeds, government should therefore make these inputs available to agricultural households. Also, since agricultural households’ productivity is a critical issue in the pursuit of sustainable agricultural production in Nigeria, efforts should be made to achieve optimum labor use, increase labor productivity and employment in agriculture.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the determinants of women access and the extent of access to land. The study used cross-sectional data from 384 randomly selected small-scale women farmers from Machakos County, Kenya. Using double hurdle (DH) model, we found that marital status, household size, the value of productive assets, credit borrowed, extension contacts, farmers’ groups and social influence from family members had a positive and significant influence on women access to land. However, the spousal age gap, market distance and social influence from friends/peers had a negative influence on the probability of women having access to land. To improve women access to land, the findings imply that women need to be motivated to join and participate in farmers’ groups through which they can gain access to extension information and credit. In addition, women farmers should be sensitized on the need to invest in farm productive assets. Importantly, the government can aid in improving crucial infrastructures and promoting girl-child education since education empowers women and inhibit early marriages. Keywords: Women, small-scale farmers, access to land, double hurdle model, Kenya DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-7-04 Publication date : April 30 th 2019

This study explores the key determinants and barriers to effective WASH facilities in Bangladesh, which are crucial for mitigating health issues and ensuring equitable access. By analyzing the 2022 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data and accounting for design clustering using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), this study's methodology demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional logistic regression, as supported by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and likelihood ratio test (LRT). The study found that basic handwashing facility was significantly linked to the household head's age, partner's education, media exposure, women's empowerment, wealth index, and maternal factors such as - age and education of mothers of under 5 children. Basic sanitation was associated with regional factors, the household head's sex and age, household size, partner's education, working status, wealth index, and maternal factors. Access to basic drinking water was largely driven by the wealth index, while combined WASH facilities were influenced by household head's sex and age, household size, partner's education, working status, media exposure, wealth index, and maternal characteristics. The findings indicate that addressing WASH challenges in Bangladesh requires an integrated, multi-dimensional policy approach that considers key socio-demographic and economic factors-a strategy essential for achieving 6th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).

The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of food security and quantify the impact of livelihood diversification as an adaptation strategy on the level of food security of pastoral households in Arero district in Borena zone and Rayitu district in Bale zone in Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was used, selecting 396 households from Arero and Rayitu districts. The study used a multidimensional food security index to measure the food security status of pastoralist households. The descriptive result showed that 60.6 percent, 20.2 percent, and 19.2 percent of the pastoralist households had medium, high and low food security, respectively. The result of ordered logistic regression showed that the age of household head, herd size (TLU) and frequency of extension contacts significantly increased the food security status of pastoralist households. However, male household head, age of household head, household size (adult equivalent) and distance to market significantly decrease the food security status of pastoral households in Arero district. On the other hand, the result of the multinomial endogenous switching regression model showed that the uptake of non-farm activities as well as crop production and non-farm activities together have a positive and significant impact on the level of food security of the pastoralist households. Therefore, the results of the study suggest that working on participatory strategies to promote livelihood diversification among pastoralist communities is very important to improve the food security of pastoralist households.

Entering a new era of economic and trade relations at the national, regional, and international levels, it is necessary to understand marketing and the right strategies to achieve marketing targets. On the other hand, in the field of Islamic institutions in Indonesia, there are several obstacles or problems including human resource problems and inappropriate marketing strategies. So it is necessary to improve the quality of human resources and several efforts in carrying out appropriate marketing strategies, including marketing mix strategies, marketing segmentation, radical marketing, and the creation of spiritual advocates. This research used descriptive qualitative research which aimed to find out how to use the right marketing strategy in the international arena, and how Islamic institutions can use the right marketing to encourage increased market share in the midst of global competition. The results of the study indicated that there are several marketing strategy efforts that can be carried out and developed, including through marketing mix strategies, marketing segmentation strategies, radical marketing strategies, creating spiritual advocates, and human resource development strategies.

This study analyzed food security status of rural households in North Eastern Nigeria. Secondary data were employed. The data were accessed from the General Household Survey (GHS) for years 2013 and 2016, waves 2 and 3. 451 households were considered in each wave. The objective of the study was to determine the food security status of rural households, analyze factors influencing their food security and compare the output of different methodologies used to measure food security during the periods. Frequency and Percentages were used to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents. Mean per Capita Food Expenditure (MPCE), Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) index were used to analyze household food security status while Logit regression model was used to analyze factors influencing household food security status. Results from the descriptive statistics showed that male household heads, married household heads and literate household heads were food secure in both waves. Results from Mean per Capita Food Expenditure (MPCE), and Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) showed that more than half of the selected households were food secure in both waves but reverse was the case with Dietary Diversity Score (DDS). Age, level of education, and household size were found to be factors influencing food security in both waves and models. The results from the logistic regression showed that an increase in age of household head and household size will reduce the food security status of the North-Easterner’s rural households. Also, the result revealed that the food security status was higher in Borno, Gombe and Yobe compared to Taraba and tertiary education increased the level of food security status for MPCE but reduced the same for DDS. Based on these findings, the study recommends sensitizations on the importance of education and family planning for the rural household in North Eastern states of Nigeria. Key words: Food security status, rural household, North Eastern Nigeria

BackgroundThe main goal of this study is to examine the distributions of illness conditions and resulting medical expenditures and their associated factors. To achieve this goal, an in-house survey was conducted in August of 2012 in rural Beijing, the capital city of China.ResultsThe survey was conducted in Nanjianchang and Beijianchang, which are two villages 20 KM away from Miyun, a satellite city of Beijing. Data was collected on 346 households, which included 834 members. Variables measured included household characteristics, household head characteristics, illness conditions, and medical expenditures. Illness conditions and corresponding expenditure were measured for inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, and self-treatment separately. Multivariate analysis suggested that the presence of inpatient treatment was associated with household head characteristics including age, gender, and education. The presence of a high level of outpatient treatment was associated with household head characteristics including gender and education. The presence of a high level of self-treatment was significantly associated with household size. In the analysis of overall out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenditure, only age of household head was borderline significant. In the analysis of OOP inpatient expenditure, age and gender of household head were borderline significant. The OOP outpatient expenditure was associated with household size, presence of members older than 60, household head's gender, marital status, and occupation. The OOP self-treatment expenditure was not associated with any household characteristic.ConclusionsFor the surveyed households, medical expenditure made up a considerable proportion of the total consumption. This study suggested that the presence of illness conditions and resulting OOP medical expenditure were associated with certain household and household head characteristics. Such results may help identify the subgroup that is the most affected by illness conditions. As this study collected recent data on inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatment separately, it may provide a useful complement to the existing studies.

This Study was conducted to compare gender dimensions in farm households with challenges of food insecurity in Orsu local Government Area of Imo State, Nigeria. Cross sectional data from forty male-headed and forty female-headed farm households selected purposively from a random sample of ten out of 21 communities of Orsu Local Government Area of the state was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Male-headed farm households posted food insecurity line of N9, 278.78 as against N5, 243.67 shown by female-headed farm households. These household groups had head count food insecurity incidence (ratios) of 0.375 and 0.250 for male-headed and female-headed farm households respectively. The female-headed farm households were relatively more food secured than their male counter-parts. Food insecurity in male-headed farm households was determined by dependency ratio, education level, monthly Original Research Article American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 4(4): 391-404, 2014 392 expenditure, frequency of contact with agricultural extension agency, and status of farming. In the female-headed farm households, food insecurity was determined by household size, level of education, monthly expenditure, age of household head, and frequency of contact with agricultural extension agency. The most sensitive variables that needed to be increased to alleviate food insecurity in farm households were farm size, and frequency of contact with extension agents Farm households should enhance productivity of their food crops and livestock by adopting technologies recommended by agricultural extension outfits to help cushion devastating effects of food insecurity amongst them.

BackgroundFinancial risk protection is one indicator of universal health coverage (UHC). All people should be protected from financial risks such as catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) to ensure equitable health services. Ethiopia has launched community-based health insurance (CBHI) since 2011 to protect people from financial risk. However, out-of-pocket health expenditure is a financial barriers to achieve UHC. The insured-non-insured disparity of CHE has not been well studied in Ethiopia in general and in Debre Tabor town in particular. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the disparity of CHE between insured and non-insured households and its contributing factors in Debre Tabor town.MethodsThis study used the primary household survey data collected from May to June 2022 in Debre Tabor town. Data were collected from 825 household heads and analyzed using STATA version 17.0 statistical software. Logit-based multivariate decomposition analysis was conducted to determine insured-non-insured disparity of CHE. Statistical significance for all analysis was declared at a p < 0.05.ResultsThe incidence of CHE was 17.94% and 5.58% among non-insured and insured households, respectively. About 53% and 153.20% of the insured-non-insured disparities in the magnitude of CHE were due to the difference in characteristics (endowments) and the effect of characteristics (coefficients), respectively. Age of the household head between 46 and 60 years and above 60 years, divorced and widowed marital status of household head, and chronic health conditions were the explanatory variables widening the gap in the incidence of CHE. However, do not seeking traditional medicine, family size above 4, and age of household head between 31 and 45 years were the variables contribute in reducing the gap (i.e. due to endowments) in the incidence of CHE between insured and non-insured households. Moreover, the variables that contributed to the gap in the incidence of CHE due to covariate effects were age (31–45) and marital status of household head, wealth status, family size, ownership of the household, and seeking traditional medicines.ConclusionThis study revealed there is a significant disparity in the incidence of CHE between insured and non-insured households. Age, marital status and occupation of the household head, family size of household, presence of a chronically ill household member and seeking traditional medicine were significantly contributing factors for the disparity of CHE between insured and non-insured households due to endowments. The variables that contributed to the disparity in the incidence of CHE due to covariate effects were age and marital status of household head, wealth status, family size, ownership of the household, and seeking traditional medicines. Therefore, the policy makers need to emphasize in increasing the insurance coverage among households, and providing affordable health services in Ethiopia in general and Debre Tabor town in particular.

The cornerstone of the Clinton administration's welfare reform agenda is a large expansion of the earned income tax credit (EITC), a refundable tax credit directed primarily toward low-income taxpayers with children. This paper reviews existing studies and provides new evidence on the degree to which policies, like the EITC, that alter after-tax wages affect hours of work, labor market participation, and transfer program participation. Simulations based on recent labor supply estimates suggest that the overall effect of the EITC expansion on hours of work from those in the labor market will be negative but fairly small. We then examine the effect of the EITC on labor market participation. We use a detailed SIPP-based microsimulation model of the tax and transfer system to accurately characterize families' budget constraints. Our empirical model relates labor market and program participation decisions to budget constraint variables and other characteristics. We find that the positive effect of the EITC on ...

This study examined gender participation in non-farm employment in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study used primary data collected from 149 respondents selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and double hurdle model. The result of the descriptive statistics showed that female household heads were younger (38.3 years) than the male (44.4 years), the male had more years ofeducation, spent more time in work than the female; and also the male farm income were more than that of the female, while the female non-labour income were higher than that of the male. Also, the females were more involved in tree cropping and livestock-keeping than their male counterparts, while on the non-farm activities, the female were more into these practices than the male. The result of the double hurdle estimation showed that age, marital status, years spent in school, household size, number of dependent, farm size, non-labour income, and distance to the market significantly influenced the participation decision of both male and female headed households in non-farm employment; while age, marital status, years spent in school, household size, number of dependent, farm size, non-labour income, distance to the market, and distance to the urban centre significantly influenced the hours of work decision of male and female headed households in non-farm employment in the study area. The study recommends policy measures that will improve the skills and educational level of the farmers especially the female as it will go a long way in reducing the number of unskilled labours while increasing the number of skilled labour of the people in the study area.&#x0D; Key words: gender, participation decision, hours of work decision, non-farm employment

This study analyzed the food security status of male and female headed farming households in Imo State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study compared the quantity of food produced and the factors influencing the food security status of the respondents. Primary data used for the study were collected from sixty-four (64) respondents in the study area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, z test and logistic regression model. Results showed that the female headed households produced more food than male headed households; however, male headed households were significantly more food secured (Zcal = 2.878). Key variables that positively influenced the food security status of male headed households were age (p&lt;0.01), farm size (p&lt;0.05), household size (p&lt;0.05), educational level (p&lt;0.1), farming income and total depreciation of capital assets including farm implements (p&lt;0.05). Farming experience (p&lt;0.05), age (p&lt;0.01) farm size (p&lt;0.05), extension contacts (p&lt;0.01), and membership of farmers cooperatives (p&lt;0.10) were the key variables that positively influenced the food security status of female headed households. The study recommended the review of existing land policies so as to give farmers easier access to land for food production. Also, agricultural extension services should be revived and made more proactive and effectively service oriented.

Most urban low-income households in Nigeria are plagued with inadequate animal protein intake level. The reasons for this according to literature include such problems as low levels of household income, large household size, low level of education of household head, age of household head, age structure of households, and location of dwelling. This study was aimed at re-examining these issues using data from Warri, a major urban area in southern Nigeria. In addition, the study investigated the hypothesis that in consumer behavior, a consumer may prefer a commodity X to a commodity Z when the preference ranking is strictly based on desire, while the same consumer would prefer Z to X when the basis for preference ranking is influenced by the ability to purchase. The result showed firstly that the monthly household – income, the household size and the age of household head in that order are the major factors through which variation in the level of household expenditure on animal protein intake by urban low-income household can be explained and predicted. Income elasticity of household expenditure on fish, chicken, beef and eggs was estimated to be 0.96 which is considered fairly high given the national figure of 0.70. this increase in household monthly income may be a veritable way of stimulating animal protein consumption among low-income urban dwellers. Secondly, it was found out that as a result of high relative prices and low income level the households actually consume less frequently some of those animal products which they desired more (i.e preferred).

About 700,000 pregnant youths die each year in developing countries. To determine whether the persistent adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria between 2013 and 2018 was influenced by proximal factors, particularly household head age, we carried out a cross-sectional study on adolescent girls that participated in the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Age of first birth, residence type, age, and gender of household heads was collected using a 2018 standardized NDHS. Multiple logistic regression was performed to test for associations. We analyzed 8,448 adolescents who had experienced pregnancy during the study period. The results demonstrated that girls with male household heads aged 45 and older have lower odds of adolescent pregnancy (OR = 0.619; 95% CI = 0.447, 0.856; p = 0.004 compared to those with female household heads in the same age group. Girls with male household heads in three younger age groups have higher odds of adolescent pregnancy than those with female household heads in the corresponding age group (15-24: OR = 1.719, 95% CI = 1.042, 2.835, p = 0.034; 25-34: OR = 4.790, 95% CI = 1.986, 11.551, p < 0.001; 35-44: OR = 2.080, 95% CI = 1.302, 3.323, p = 0.002). Girls with household heads aged in the 15-24 and 25-34 groups had higher odds of adolescent pregnancy compared to those with household heads aged 45 and older. Higher odds of adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria were found among girls with household heads aged in the 15-24 and 25-34 groups compared to those with household heads aged 45 and older. Although girls with younger male household heads are at an increased risk nationally, those living in the rural areas with younger household heads are at an even higher risk for adolescent pregnancy. Therefore, levels of socioecological model must be considered in planning for effective interventions.

Malaria remains a major threat to life in Cameroon and in the North West Region in particular. This threat is especially common in rural areas despite the fact that it is preventable and treatable. It is from the above count that this study examines the role of; Household income, Family Size, Gender and Age of household head, Educational level of the Household head, Knowledge on signs, symptoms, and prevention of malaria among Households in the North West Region of Cameroon. This study used data collected from 6341 households selected from ten health districts with the highest malaria prevalence in the North West Region. Data were analyzed using ordered logit Regression. The findings of this study reveal the significant ability of; gender, age, marital status and educational attainments of household heads; household per capita income; household size; knowledge on malaria prevention/ transmission, in predicting households ’ malaria prevention seeking behaviors in the North West Region of Cameroon. There is also evidence of the knowledge gap on the signs, causes, and prevention of malaria. The study strongly recommends sensitization campaigns; creation of community-based malaria control committees; sponsored media programs; household empowerment programs and free distribution of Insecticide Treated Bed Nets, as ways of curbing the prevalence of malaria in the North West Region in particular and Cameroon in general.