DREEM: Moving from Empathy to Enculturation in Disability Related Human-Centered Design

Human centered design (HCD), or user centered design (UCD), is an integrated research and design approach led by the motivation to responsibly and responsively address the genuine needs and desires of people affected by design intervention. Aside from specific terminology, human centered design is not entirely new. The evolution of tools, shelter, clothing and other products aimed at meeting human needs and conditions obviously have a lengthy history. Methods of human centered research and design that are appropriately focused on sustainable behaviors and concerns are inherently participatory, contextual and creative. The potential of human centered sustainable design lays in the creation of products and services that motivate or empower people to action, in harmony with the planet and other living things. Human centered design can be used to create sustainable products, communications and environments. The individual view of human centered design is oriented around the mantra of useful, usable, and desirable, and is perhaps the most traditional and well-established approach.

Human-centered design, a theoretical ideal, is sometimes compromised in industry practice. Technology firms juggle competing priorities, such as adopting new technologies and generating shareholder returns, which may conflict with human-centered design values. This study sought to identify the types of workplace situations that present barriers for human-centered design, going beyond the views and behaviors of individual professionals. Q methodology was used to analyze the experiences of 14 UX professionals based in the United States. Five factors were identified, representing workplace situations in which human-centered design is inhibited, despite the involvement of UX professionals: Single-Minded Arrogance, Competing Visions, Moving Fast and Breaking Things, Pragmatically Getting By, and Sidestepping Responsibility. Underpinning these five factors are the dimensions of speed and clarity of vision. This paper demonstrates connections between the literature on UX ethics and human-centered design practice, and its findings point toward opportunities for education and intervention to better enable human-centered and ethical design in practice.

Summary form only given. Due to globalization and increasingly competitive market environments, modern products must meet more requirements than ever before. They must not only be functional and aesthetically pleasing, but comfortable and ergonomic, as well. Consumers increasingly demand products that are easy to use and causes the minimum fatigue on the user side. Similar design elements are also becoming apparent in the design and layout of factory spaces. It is a now common for factories to adopt new ergonomic designs in order to reduce the possibility of dangerous situation and to increase the efficiency of interactions between workers and machines. These types of design activity that consider the effect of the products on the human body in the course of design are referred to as 'human-centered design'. Current CAD systems are unable to fully support a human-centered product design. Most of the research regarding ergonomic design has primarily focused on simple geometric analysis and simulation and has considered only the human model rather than the interaction between the product and the human model. As a result, it is difficult to apply the method to the traditional design process. Consequently, such designs are must be completed manually using trial-and-error iterative experiments on physical prototypes. This trial-and-error process is undesirable because it inherently requires human operators and their subjective evaluations. To overcome the limitations described above, an integrated environment that allows a simultaneous modeling of a product and a human user, simulation of both product and human behavior, and modification of the product based upon the simulation results. Therefore, the following topics will be discussed in this talk: 1. Unified environment for modeling both human body and product; 2. Human motion generation; 3. Integration with simulation software. Case study on the car interior design using the proposed approach will be also illustrated at the end of the talk.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The use of Human Centered Design (HCD) to improve the quality of team science is a recent application, and HCDs benefits and challenges have not been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a qualitative study with health sciences researchers trained in HCD methods to determine how they applied HCD methods and perceived its benefits and challenges. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The University of Pittsburgh offered HCD training to three cohorts of research scientists (staff as well as faculty) over a three-year period. The training was provided by the LUMA Institute, a premier HCD design firm with a highly regarded training program. We then evaluated this training by conducting 1-hour, semi-structured interviews with trainees from three training cohorts. Interviews focused on perceptions of the training, subsequent uses of HCD, barriers and facilitators, and perceptions of the utility of HCD to science teams. Data analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarkes process for thematic analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We interviewed 18 researchers (nine faculty and nine staff) trained in HCD methods and identified distinct themes regarding HCD use and its perceived benefits and challenges. Trainees found HCD relevant to research teams for stakeholder engagement, research design, project planning, meeting facilitation, and team management. They also described benefits of HCD in five distinct areas: creativity, egalitarianism, structure, efficiency, and visibility. We also identified challenges, including tensions between HCD approaches and academic culture. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data suggest that HCD has the potential to help researchers work more inclusively and collaboratively on interdisciplinary teams and generate more innovative and impactful science. The application of HCD methods is not without challenges; however, we believe these challenges can be overcome with institutional investment.

Human centered design (HCD) is a traditional human Factors and Ergonomics concept. About the end of last century (1999), HCD is firstly standardized as process. It is rare case that the HCD which is not academic system is continued to discuss. The reason is considered not to solve the issues by using HCD. The purpose of this study is to investigate degree of recognition and application for promoting installation of HCD process to interactive system development area for usability and to clarify the issues and propose ways to solve this HCD problem. The questionnaire results by about 600 developers shows that known ratio about HCD is about 58% and applied ratio for in known ratio is about 42% (152 developers). However, overall, only 23% are covered. If HCD is recognized, nearly half of it will be applied, so it is important to raise overall recognition. The ratio of upper phase, development phase and evaluation phase that requirement definition related usability are similar. However, the ratio of deciding usability requirement in upper phase is only 13%. The ratio of evaluating usability requirement before specification is only 10%. Though the ration of recognition for HCD is not so low, many developing areas cannot decide usability requirement before requirement definitions. It is guessed that almost developers do not know how to decide usability requirements.To confirm this question, the other study was carried out. The ratio of recognition for Common Industry Format for usability (CIF) is about 39%. The number of developers to apply CIF to development is about 90. It is only 14%. The CIF is the format for applying HCD process to development process which is standardized in ISO. This standard series is belonged in Standard series for software quality called SQuaRE (System and software Quality Requirement and Evaluation). As the range of recognition for SQuaRE series is about 43%, it is necessary to spread CIF to software development areas.To verify the effectiveness of CIF, CIF is applied to self-driving bus system. Firstly, a high-level description of the context of use shown in the context of use description (ISO/IEC 25063) was made for a usual bus and self-driving bus system, respectively. After that, use needs and user requirements were extracted based on high level description. This process shows that it is easy to extract user requirements before requirements decision phase by using the CIF. However, it is found that management level does not understand the importance for the role of upper phase activities by this time investigation. For this reason, it seems that the ratio of recognition of HCD. It is necessary for improving usability to spread HCD, CIF and SQuaRE much more.

This Article introduces a novel approach for improving and innovating upon the civil justice system, referred to as human-centered civil justice design. The approach synthesizes two interdisciplinary strands: human-centered design thinking and dispute system design. To begin, human-centered civil justice designers empathize with intended beneficiaries and stakeholders, surveying them, observing them, and interviewing them, immersing themselves to uncover their needs and experiences. Civil justice designers embrace and identify the needs of diverse stakeholders and court users (e.g., parties, lawyers, and judges), determining their interests and goals before narrowing the needs to be addressed. These designers ideate and brainstorm a range of human-centered options before winnowing them based upon technological feasibility and financial viability. Throughout this process, prototypes are harnessed to develop insight from stakeholders about the causes, conditions, and nature of problems. These prototypes are empirically tested with pilots and randomized-control trials to explore the many intended and unintended system-wide effects of a proposed intervention. Human-centered civil justice reflects the reality that the civil justice system seeks to reconcile and promote diverse process values, including efficiency and affording members of the public the ability to participate and human dignity.Further, human-centered civil justice draws on psychological and behavioral science on how members of the public experience the civil justice system and encounters with court officials, including psychological science on procedural justice. Decades of research reveal that procedural justice powerfully influences compliance with legal decrees, cooperation with legal authorities, and engagement in other pro-social and democratic participation. In his 2015 year-end report, the Chief Justice called for a legal culture turn toward efficient justice. This is highly consequential for federal judges now serve largely as managerial judges who manage pending cases. There are few explicit norms or standards that dictate how federal judges should manage cases, and despite the power of managerial judges to sculpt the scope of litigation and influence settlement, this discretion is virtually unreviewable. Legal culture shapes how managerial judges think, feel, and behave. Fundamentally, the Chief Justice’s call for legal culture change aims to alter the beliefs, values, and discourses of managerial judges. Troublingly the Chief Justice elaborated a monist theory of value, exalting the value of efficiency — reducing discovery costs and delays in civil justice — while procedural justice and the many process values that the federal civil justice system serves. In marked contrast, human-centered managerial judging would encourage federal judges to infuse their managerial practices beneficially with procedural justice to promote favorable experiences. By promoting these experiences, human-centered managerial judging advances the plural process aims that the federal civil justice system seeks to achieve. Rather than wishing tension between values away, human-centered managerial judging seeks to reconcile tension between efficient justice and procedural justice. Acknowledging this tension leads to precision. The Article then draws on the findings of the experiment and discusses human-centered civil justice design and rulemaking. Human-centered rulemaking would seek to infuse the rulemaking process with a human-centered ethos and a vision in which diverse stakeholders and court users experience the civil justice system as truly just. In this regard, formal and informal practices that grant the public procedural justice powerfully shape whether civil justice is perceived as fair and legitimate. When engaging in civil justice design, courts should empathize with court users and innovate solutions that meet the public’s need for a civil justice system experienced as just.Finally, human-centered civil justice design can also lead to innovations that address a pressing problem: access-to-justice in the United States. Human-centered access-to-justice innovations hold promise to serve the millions of low-income and middle-income Americans who face unmet legal needs that threaten their shelter, food, livelihood, physical safety, and their care of dependents.

Reducing the Risks of Home Dialysis Innovation and Uptake: The Case for Human-Centered Product Design.

According to the aged society in Japan, the expectation is high for the development of the human support robot or devices in daily life and in medical treatment and welfare. The human centered design and the universal design are very important concept for creating the useful human support devices. Human centric and universal designs are the designs of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. This special issue provides current researches and developments of human centric, universal and interactive design for robotics and mechatronics. Also, this special issue covers a broad range of research topics, such as human centric design, universal and interactive design, human machine interaction, transport system, housing environment system, rehabilitation devices, multi modal interface, evaluation of the usability, sensor/actuator technologies for assistive system, robotics and mechatronics to support elderly persons. We thank the authors for their fine contributions and the reviewers for their generous time and effort. In closing, we thank the Editorial Board of the Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics for helping make this issue possible.

Human Centered Software Engineering (HCSE) is an approach which integrates Human Centered Design (HCD) and software engineering (SE) that emphasize on user’s needs and goals during the software engineering process. The obstacle faced by the organizations is the lack of a systematic approach towards HCD adoption that can guide software organization strategize the HCD adoption in their business operation. The aim of this study to propose a Human Centered Design Adoption Model (HCDAM) that can provide a guideline to measure the organizational capability to adopt HCD. The HCDAM was developed by identifying the HCD adoption level and the HCD adoption processes through literature analysis. The adoption levels describe the stage where the organization adopted the HCD while the adoption process describes the processes that the organization has to go through in order to achieve a certain adoption level. The HCDAM is proposed as a measurement tool that enables a systematic approach to guide SE organizations to strategies the HCD adoption in their business operations in the pursuit of developing quality softwares.

Co-build is one of the four pillars of the Patient Engagement Framework from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategy for Patient Oriented Research. Collaborating with Patient Research Partners (PRPs) using co-build approaches can enhance the applicability of healthcare tools produced. Human Centred Design (HCD), a problem-solving methodology focused on creating functional solutions for users, offers a promising approach to co-building patient engagement tools. To describe the process of using a HCD approach to co-build patient engagement tools with PRPs and to identify successes and challenges encountered. A HCD working group was formed from a Patient Advisory Council (PAC) that supports a research program to optimize laboratory test ordering in hospitalized patients. The HCD working group included nine PRPs, two patient engagement team members, and a HCD specialist. The working group employed the Double Diamond 4D design methodology: Discover, Define, Design, and Deliver, along with patient engagement principles of mutual respect, inclusiveness, support, and co-build. At the conclusion of the HCD process, we conducted a semi-structured debrief session to obtain perspectives on challenges and successes from all working group members. These were then summarized and collated iteratively with feedback from the group members. The working group met 31 times in 12 months and co-developed three patient engagement tools (an infographic, a video, and a website) to educate and engage hospitalized patients about the bloodwork process. HCD working group members valued the diverse and inclusive environment within the group, the available enrichment opportunities in HCD and qualitative research, and presence of patient engagement team members. Challenges noted included delays in timelines due to difficulties with consensus-building and redundancy in discussion topics. HCD approaches can be effectively combined with the principles of patient engagement to facilitate co-building with PRPs in healthcare. Future research is required to further the evidence for these strategies and their application in co-building processes, including use of clear project mapping and timelines and transparent consensus-building approaches. A PAC that consisted of nine PRPs guided this study. PRPs collaborated throughout the study. The current six PRPs were involved in the decision to write and are co-authors on this manuscript. PAC members had participated equally in the conduct of a prior qualitative study to understand patient needs about bloodwork processes in hospitals. With the guidance of a HCD specialist, PRPs contributed to decisions on content, wording, and imagery for the tools. The PAC members are currently collaborating on a study to implement these tools in hospitals and to evaluate the utility from a patient perspective.

The objective of this research is to clarify the relationship between the practice of human-centered design (HCD) and the obstacles to applying this approach. Our study is based on research into several factors in the HCD process as applied to the development of hardware devices with embedded software, such as office equipment, home electronics, medical devices and information equipment. From the results of our investigation of 13 companies, we identified several obstacles to applying HCD methods to the development process. Also discussed are the nature of these obstacles, and methods to make better use of the HCD process to avoid such obstacles in future. Previous studies of the HCD process have presented new perspectives by performing various analyses of the benefits of using HCD methods. However, previous studies have not discussed proposals to avoid obstacles, or how to apply the HCD process to company workflows. Therefore, we collected 79 “good cases” and 53 “bad cases” through interviews and questionnaires. We then analyzed those cases, and summarized 4 viewpoints on introducing the HCD process to companies, and 12 approaches for solving these problems. Viewpoints: 1) Establish methods appropriate to each company. 2) Indicate the effects. 3) Share goals. 4) Participate in upstream processes.Approaches: 1) Use easy words. 2) Match HCD methods to the development process. 3) Create simple methods. 4) Compare with other companies. 5) Compare with in-house practices. 6) Share results with users. 7) Publish results as a reference. 8) Create industry standards. 9) Recognize a good point that already exists. 10) Share goals with the relevant departments. 11) Participate in requirement definition process. 12) Create valuable features through observation.

The rapid growth of the coastal area of Manado City, especially in the Malalayang Beachfront and Boulevard Area, raises an urgent need to redesign public spaces that are more inclusive, adaptive, and in accordance with the dynamics of the rapidly changing coastal environment. Public spaces in these two areas have a high intensity of activity and are undergoing various revitalization processes so that they demand a design approach that is centered on user experience and needs. This study aims to formulate a model of redesigning coastal public spaces based on human-centered spatial design by examining space use patterns, user needs, and spatial characteristics that affect the quality of spatial experience. Using a Design-Based Research approach combined with Human-Centered Design, this study involves observation of user behavior in coastal public spaces as well as semi-structured interviews with a number of informants representing space users, business actors, area managers, and related stakeholders. Data are analyzed through thematic reduction and spatial mapping to identify key design issues and opportunities. The results of the study show that the quality of public space in Malalayang and the Boulevard Area is influenced by the connectivity of pedestrian paths, the comfort of the microclimate, the intensity of social activities, and the capacity of space in responding to coastal ecological conditions. The design findings affirm the importance of the integration of shaded spaces, experiential pedestrian path configurations, easily accessible social interaction areas, and adaptive elements that support coastal resilience. This study concludes that the DBR and HCD approaches are able to produce more responsive, inclusive, and sustainable coastal public space design, and make an important contribution to the development of coastal urban design theory and public spatial planning practices in growing coastal areas.

Human-centered product design is a critical approach in the tech industry, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing user needs throughout the development process. This approach ensures that products are not only functional but also accessible, intuitive, and aligned with the behaviors, desires, and pain points of end users. In the digital landscape, where technology rapidly evolves, adopting a human-centered design methodology fosters a deeper understanding of user contexts and preferences, resulting in more personalized and effective solutions. This abstract explores the key principles of human-centered design, including user empathy, iterative prototyping, and usability testing, while discussing its impact on product innovation, user satisfaction, and long-term success. By focusing on the end user at every stage—from research to implementation—tech companies can create products that resonate with audiences and drive meaningful engagement, ultimately achieving a competitive edge in an increasingly crowded market.

The Perioperative and peri-interventional management of oral anticoagulation are major clinical challenges with respect to stroke and bleeding risks in various interventional and surgical procedures. This paper illustrates the human-centered (re-)design of computer-based tool support providing individualized treatment concepts for patients. Considering pragmatic and hedonic aspects of usability and user experience, both the original and the revised version were evaluated with 20 medical experts each. Results of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and numbers of necessary interaction steps for task completions indicate that usability and user experience have been improved by the applied human-centered design measures. Therefore, this paper exemplifies the effects of systematic human-centered design efforts on usability and user experience as crucial aspects of patient safety, workload of medical professionals and long-term acceptance.

In this paper, human-centred design is put forward as an intellectual framework that can benefit both organization design (OD) and enterprise engineering (EE) research. The paper starts with a very brief summary of the main ideas contained in the book Designing Organization Design: a human-centred approach [18], where the principles of human-centred design have been applied to organization design. The paper suggests that while integration between OD and EE may not be a feasible proposition as part of the modelling exercise, the human-centred organization design (HCOD) framework can provide the contextual background in which EE researchers can/should situate, conceptualize, develop, and test their abstracted process models. Moreover, HCOD can provide important conceptual hooks to link separate projects in the areas of OD and EE. Two suggestions are put forward: the first concerns the modelling of meaning and sensemaking in the interaction of human actors, and the second refers to the use of the notions of causal and narrative design trace to keep track and analyze multifarious aspects of the organization’s self-awareness.