Downward Rigidity in the Wage for New Hires

Imputed job characteristics had been used as proxy of exposure to working conditions. O*NET database provides job information that could be useful to evaluate psychosocial working conditions. Consistency and total agreement between O*NET and self-reported psychosocial exposure (demand/control (DC), effort/reward (ER) proxy models, and emotional labor scale) were compared between healthcare specific (12 occupations, 215 workers) and other jobs (12 occupations, 146 workers). For dimensions of the DC and ER models, Spearman correlation and ICC coefficients were, in general, consistently high (ICC = 0.61 for decision latitude, 0.41 for rewards, 0.53 for ER ratio, and lower for others), particularly in the healthcare specific jobs. O*NET and questionnaire based psychosocial indicators showed a good job level agreement particularly on healthcare specific jobs. O*NET may be a useful source of job level psychosocial exposure, especially for the DC and ER models, for healthcare occupations within these types of facilities.

The success or failure of its organisational plans was determined by the performance of its personnel. The Department of Education could enhance their employees' performance by creating a suitable working environment that was pleasant for them as this served as a psychological motivator for them to improve their performance and raise their work productivity. To stay competitive, the organisation could minimise the cost of employing new employees, and employees could execute extra tasks at their current level, which was known as job enlargement. This study aimed to correlate the level of Job Enlargement and the level of Psychological Safety Among the Non-Teaching Personnel of the Department of Education Division of Batangas Province. This study used a quantitative correlational research design. Using simple random sampling, 134 non-teaching personnel responded to the Job Diagnostic Survey on Job Enlargement and Psychological Safety Survey. Using the four-point Likert Scale, Mean and Pearson Product Moment Correlation, results revealed that the level of job and the level of psychological safety were high. Work Flexibility and Autonomy, Task Significance, Identity and Variety, Feedback, Specialisations, Problem-Solving, and Physical Demands had a significant relationship with the psychological safety of the non-teaching personnel, while Job Complexity and Information Processing had no significant relationship with psychological safety. A mental health program in relation to job enlargement was proposed. This could help in organisational analysis in understanding the vital role of the non-teaching personnel and the improvement of psychological safety in the Department of Education, which was key in achieving success in the organisation. This study presents a unique study that directly correlated Job Enlargement and Psychological Safety Among Non-Teaching Personnel that can contribute to the Human Resource and Organizational Development of the Department of Education Division of Batangas Province. However, the study was limited only to knowing the levels of Job Enlargement and Psychological Safety among Non-Teaching Personnel and how these two variables correlated.

Downward wage rigidity is central to many explanations of unemployment fluctuations. In benchmark models, the wage for new hires is key, but there is limited evidence of downward rigidity on this margin. We introduce a dataset that tracks the wage for new hires at the job level — across successive vacancies posted by the same job title and establishment. We show that the wage for new hires is rigid downward but flexible upward, in two steps. First, the nominal wage rarely changes at the job level. When wages do change, they fall infrequently. Second, when unemployment rises, wages do not fall — but wages do rise strongly as unemployment falls. We show prior strategies cannot detect downward rigidity due to job composition. Then with a standard model, we argue downward wage rigidity at the job level is key for unemployment fluctuations. Unemployment responds four times more to negative than to positive labor demand shocks.

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of death and functional disability. While there have been major advances regarding the management of stroke, a significant proportion of people are still unaware of stroke-related symptoms and risk factors. This study was performed to assess the awareness of stroke’s warning signs and risk factors among a sample of Iranian population.Methods: A total of 649 participants were randomly selected using systematic randomization from the list of telephone numbers obtained from the telephone directory. Demographic characteristics were recorded. Participants were asked to answer questions regarding the awareness about stroke, its warning signs and risk factors.Results: Patients’ mean age was 32.0 ± 12.2 years old, and 56.4% were women. Hypertension and history of stroke were major risk factors, and loss of consciousness, vertigo and ataxia were major warning signs of stroke correctly identified by respondents. Multiple linear regressions showed that age (β = 0.277, P < 0.001), academic level of education (β = 6.41, P = 0.01), housewifery (β = 8.9, P < 0.001), jobs related to medical care (β = 13.17, P = 0.016) and previous information about stroke (β = 18.71, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of the overall awareness about stroke.Conclusion: The awareness of people about stroke, its risk factors and warning signs were good in this study. The awareness toward stroke can be associated with factors such as age, academic level of education, job and previous information about stroke. Further studies are recommended to program public multimedia and health education in academies and colleges.

Endogenous separation, wage rigidity and the dynamics of unemployment

This paper shows that the Mortensen-Pissarides (MP) model requires endogenous separation to explain the volatility of unemployment. I estimate a version of the MP model with wage rigidity and permanent shocks to match productivity. The model generates sufficient volatility in unemployment, vacancies, job-finding and job-separation despite relatively low worker outside options. I then re-estimate the model while restricting the separation rate to be constant and show that, even though the estimation procedure finds the best fitting model, the model predicts too little variance in unemployment and too much variance in the job-finding rate. Based on this result I conclude that models of unemployment fluctuations need endogenous separation rates to explain unemployment fluctuations.

Job release and labor flexibility in a dual resource constrained job shop

Wage rigidity and job creation

Endogenous Growth Mechanism as a Source of Medium Term Fluctuations in the Labor Market: Application to the US Economy

What transmission channels drive the effect of monetary policy on consumption inequality? This paper investigates this question with tractable Two‐Agent New Keynesian models with search‐and‐matching frictions and wage rigidities. I make a distinction between credit‐constrained households and unconstrained households and find that an expansionary monetary policy shock decreases consumption inequality between those two households through three channels: (i) the income composition channel, through fluctuations in labor and profit income; (ii) the savings redistribution channel, through fluctuations in real interest rate; and (iii) the earnings heterogeneity channel, through fluctuations in unemployment. The results are in line with the empirical evidence.

This paper studies the cyclical fluctuations in unemployment and vacancies in a search and matching model in which workers lose skills during periods of unemployment. Firms' profits fluctuate more because aggregate productivity affects the economy's average human capital. Moreover, wages for workers with lower levels of human capital are closer to the value of nonmarket time, leading to more rigid wages. Fluctuations in the vacancy--unemployment ratio are larger than those in the baseline search and matching model and similar to those we observe in the data.

The standard theory of equilibrium unemployment, the Mortensen—Pissarides search and matching model, cannot explain the magnitude of the business cycle fluctuations in two of its central elements, unemployment and vacancies. Modifying the model to make the present value of wages unresponsive to current labor market conditions amplifies fluctuations in unemployment and vacancies by an order of magnitude, significantly improving the performance of the model. Despite this, the welfare consequences of such rigid wages is negligible. (JEL: E24, E32, J30, J41, J63, J64)

The standard theory of equilibrium unemployment, the Mortensen-Pissarides search and matching model, cannot explain the magnitude of the business cycle fluctuations in two of its central elements, unemployment and vacancies. Modifying the model to make the present value of wages unresponsive to current labor market conditions amplifies fluctuations in unemployment and vacancies by an order of magnitude, significantly improving the performance of the model. Despite this, the welfare consequences of such rigid wages is negligible.

Using 1979–2012 CPS data for the United States and 1975–2012 NES data for Great Britain, we study wage behavior in both countries, with particular attention to the Great Recession. Real wages are procyclical in both countries, but the procyclicality of real wages varies across recessions, and does so differently between the two countries, in ways that defy simple explanations. We devote particular attention to the hypothesis that downward nominal wage rigidity plays an important role in cyclical employment and unemployment fluctuations. We conclude that downward wage rigidity may be less binding and have lesser allocative consequences than is often supposed.

Wage rigidities and unemployment fluctuations in a small open economy