Abstract
Low water availability coupled with poor planting method has posed a great challenge to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. To improve productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) under deficit irrigation, an effective water-saving technology that is characterized by three planting modes has been developed (uniform with 30-cm row spacing (U), double-double row spacing of 5 cm (DD), and furrow-ridge row spacing of alternated 20 cm and 40 cm (F)) combined with three irrigation regimes (50 mm water each at growth stage 34 (GS34) and GS48 (W1), and 100 mm water at GS48 (W2), or 100 mm each water at GS34 and GS48 (W3)). Results showed that DD increased yield by 9.7% and WUE by 12.6% due to higher soil water status and less soil water depletion and evapotranspiration compared with U. Although the soil water status, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration, and yield increased with increasing irrigation amount, more soil water depletion and evapotranspiration resulted in low WUE. The deficit irrigation was beneficial for improving WUE as W1 had significantly increased yield by 5.4% and WUE by 7.1% compared with W2. Yield and evapotranspiration showed a quadratic dynamic equation indicating that yield increased with increasing evapotranspiration. Considering WUE and relatively higher yield under deficit water, W1 combined with DD is suggested to be a good management strategy to be applied in winter wheat of water-scarce regions.
Highlights
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as the second primary crop, is widely cultivated in theNorth China Plain, which is the most significant production area in China [1]
The objective of this study was to monitor the effects of irrigation regimes and planting methods on winter wheat soil water content, soil water storage, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield at different
The results from the study showed that different irrigation frequency combined with different planting modes affected both grain yield and WUE, demonstrating amounts and frequency combined with different planting modes affected both grain yield and WUE, that optimizing irrigation and planting mode can further improve grain yield and WUE at deficit water demonstrating that optimizing irrigation and planting mode can further improve grain yield and in North China Plain
Summary
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as the second primary crop, is widely cultivated in theNorth China Plain, which is the most significant production area in China [1]. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as the second primary crop, is widely cultivated in the. While evapotranspiration is 400 to 500 mm [3]; precipitation is not enough for wheat to reach its full potential or maximize yields as demonstrated by irrigated studies [4,5,6]. Poor irrigation management practices resulted in very low agricultural water use efficiency that still exists and aggravates the water crisis situation [9,10]. The development of new management practices for crops such as water-saving technologies (e.g., deficit irrigation and irrigation methods) and new planting patterns is imperative to produce more crop per drop and fully utilize the limited water resource to improve the water use efficiency (WUE)
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