Double Burden of Malnutrition and Nutrition Knowledge Gaps Among Rural School-Going Adolescent Girls: Evidence from Netrokona, Bangladesh

Background: Adolescents' nutritional status is crucial to their overall health and development. Various socio-economic factors play significant roles in influencing this status, especially in rural areas. Objective: The study aimed to identify the factors contributing to adolescents' nutritional status and to examine the relationship between these factors and the adolescents' socio-economic characteristics in Bagha, Rajshahi. Method: Data were collected from 250 adolescents using structured interview schedules. Key variables studied included the adolescents' education, mothers' education, family income, food intake, and nutritional knowledge. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between these variables and the adolescents' BMI and nutritional status. Result: The study revealed that adolescents' BMI had significant positive correlations with their education, mothers' education, family income, food intake, and nutritional knowledge. An inverse correlation was found between nutritional status and disease information. Other factors, such as gender, religion, family size, fathers' education, and hygiene practices, showed positive but non-significant associations. Negative, non-significant correlations were observed with age, physical activity, transportation, leisure activities, and participation in nutrition programs. A substantial majority (89.6%) of respondents were inactive in calorie intake, with only 2.4% being active. Most adolescents (79.6%) were underweight, while 20% had normal weight. Most mothers (63.3%) and fathers (55%) had primary-level education. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that annual family income, food intake, and nutritional awareness were positively correlated with nutritional status, whereas disease information had a significant negative correlation. Conclusions: The findings highlight the critical impact of socio-economic factors on adolescents' nutritional status. .......

Background:Adolescence which is a critical stage for growth and development is influenced by various issues along with maternal nutritional knowledge, control over their earnings, freedom of movement, and participation in household decision-making over child’s health care.Objective:This study focused on assessing mothers’ nutritional knowledge and hygiene practices and their effect on dietary diversity as well as the nutritional status of school-going adolescents of Dhaka city.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at 44 schools in Dhaka city. A total of 710 school-going adolescents aged 10–17 years were randomly selected and their mothers were interviewed for assessing their knowledge on nutrition and hygiene practices. One-way ANOVA and multivariate linear regression were used to examine the association between dietary diversity and the nutritional status of the adolescents with their mother’s nutritional knowledge and hygiene practices.Results:About one-third (35.8%) of the mothers maintained hygiene and sanitation satisfactorily. Although 53.1% of them had satisfactory general knowledge about a healthy diet, only 6.5% showed good knowledge of the nutritional value of food. The prevalence of stunting, thin, and overweight was 8, 4.6, and 5.8%, respectively. Fair hygiene practices were positively associated (P = 0.048) with height for age z-score. Maternal knowledge on the nutritional value of food was positively associated (P = 0.027) with the dietary diversity of the adolescents.Conclusion:Adequate nutritional knowledge and hygiene practices of the mothers have positive effects on children’s dietary diversity and nutritional status. Providing nutrition education to mothers would ensure better nutritional status and improved dietary practices for their children.

Adolescents are prone to nutritional problems due to various factors including: diet, body perception, physical activity, medical conditions, and lifestyle. Adolescent awareness about health and nutrition, as well as knowledge of nutrition could influence that various factors due to nutritional problems in adolescents. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between nutritional awareness, nutritional knowledge, and health awareness on the nutritional status of adolescents. The design of this study was cross-sectional with 98 respondents aged 15-18 years selected by random sampling in SMA Negeri 4 Jakarta. Health awareness data was collected using the Health Conciousness Scale, nutrition awareness using a nutrition awareness questionnaire, and nutrition knowledge using a nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Spearman rank test. The results showed that the majority (> 50%) of the respondents had normal nutritional status with sufficient nutritional knowledge and moderate nutrition and health awareness categories. There is no significant relationship between awareness and knowledge of nutrition and health awareness on the nutritional status of respondents (p>0.05). Nutritional awareness, nutritional knowledge, and health awareness are not direct causative factors that can affect nutritional status, so it is supposed that there are other factors that directly influence nutritional status, such as nutritional intake or health status. Future studies are expected to be completed with data on nutritional intake and health status as the direct causative factors of nutritional status.

Riskesdas South Kalimantan in 2018 reported that in Banjar Regency the prevalence of nutritional status based on BMI/U in adolescents aged 16-18 years had a prevalence of nutritional status that was approximately 15.3% compared to the provincial prevalence of 12.3%. The prevalence of overnutrition also has a higher figure of 14.3% compared to the provincial prevalence of 12.1%. This study aims to determine the relationship between attitudes towards food, history of infectious diseases, and family socioeconomic status with the nutritional status of high school adolescents. This type of research is analytical observational with a cross-sectional design. The population is all students in class X and Research data was taken using a questionnaire. Data analysis used the Spearman Rank correlation test α=0.05. The results of this study showed a positive attitude towards food (52.2%), a history of infectious disease (73.9%), family socioeconomic status ≥ average (55.4%), and good nutritional status (63%). Adolescents are advised to explore more information about nutrition, so that nutritional status can be properly observed, because this study shows that there is no significant relationship between attitudes towards food and nutritional status, there is a significant relationship between a history of infectious diseases and family socio-economic status with the nutritional status of adolescents.

Adolescents are nutritionally vulnerable, and their intake is crucial to avoid nutritional problems during growth. Adolescent food consumption can be obtained from various types of food, one of them ultra-processed food (UPF). This study aims to determine the relationship between ultra-processed food consumption patterns and nutritional status and blood pressure in Catholic Junior High School Sudiang adolescents and Christian Elim High School Makassar. Methods: This study is a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The sample was selected using a proportional random sampling technique of 195 adolescents aged 13-18. UPF consumption was collected using the Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). The research results show adolescents are overweight at 25.6% and obese at 21%; elevated blood pressure (BP) is 14.4%, and state hypertension (HTN) is 8.2%. In addition, obese adolescents with state 1 HTN were 17.1% and elevated BP by 24.4%, while overweight adolescents with state 1 HTN were 8% and elevated BP by 14%. There is a correlation between the amount of UPF consumption and nutritional status (p-value = 0.047). At the same time, the results were negative between the frequency of UPF consumption and nutritional status (p-value = 0.312), the amount of UPF consumption and BP (p-value = 0.289), and the frequency of UPF consumption and BP (p-value = 0.059). The study concludes a significant correlation between the amount of ultra-processed food consumption and nutritional status in adolescents. Further research and public health interventions are recommended to address the impact of UPF on adolescent health.

Background: Adolescence is a period of life with specific health and developmental needs. Nutrition in adolescents is necessary to be considered because it has to be in a balanced form. The data of Sleman District Health Office 2016 showed that 114 adolescents in Public Health Center of Mlati 1 had undernutrition. Also, it showed that the highest prevalence was at Vocational High School of Muhammadiyah Mlati, which was 42% male and 31% female students. This study aims to know the association of nutrition knowledge, protein-energy intake and adolescents’ nutritional status at Vocational High School of Muhammadiyah Mlati, Sleman Yogyakarta.Design and Methods: This was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The subjects were adolescents aged 15-18 years, selected using stratified random sampling with a total of 58 persons. Data collected were analyzed using the Spearman Rank Correlation for bivariate technique (where α = 0.05).Results: It was shown that 81.0% had a good nutrition knowledge, 91.4% had deficit energy intake, 82.8 % had deficit protein intake, and 58.6% had severe nutritional status. Bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between nutrition knowledge and nutritional status (p=0.394), but energy intake and nutritional status were related (p=0.010 <α =0.05). Furthermore, protein intake and nutritional status had a significant relationship (p=0.039 <α =0.05).Conclusions: To be concluded, there was a correlation between the protein and energy intake and nutritional status of adolescents.Significance for public healthAdolescence is a critical period of growth and development. It is also the time to shape behaviors, but inadequate nutrition intake during adolescence delays growth and creates a high risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. This paper describes the importance of knowledge and protein-energy intake in influencing adolescents’ nutritional status.

Background: Indonesia has three burdens of nutritional problems (triple burden), especially in adolescents, namely stunting, wasting and obesity as well as micronutrient deficiencies. East Java Province, the prevalence of obese adolescents aged 13-15 years is 13.3% and aged 16-18 years is 11.3%. Especially in Gresik Regency, the prevalence of thin adolescents aged 16-18 years is 9.41%, fat adolescents are 15.74% and obese adolescents are 7.47%. The problem of undernutrition and overnutrition, especially in adolescents can have a very bad impact on the sufferer. Objective: To analyze the level of nutritional knowledge, physical activity and nutrient intake with adolescents nutritional status of high school in Gresik District. Method: This research is a purposive sampling research with cluster sampling design. Respondents as many as 98. Data on respondent identity, knowledge of nutrition, physical activity and nutrient intake were taken through interviews with a questionnaire guide (Nutrition Knowledge, GPAQ and Recall). Antropometric data obtained through direct measurements. Statistical analysis was carried out bivariately with the Spearman Rank test ang multivariate with the Multiple Discriminant test. Result: The result of BMI/U are 73.5% good nutrition and 17.3% over nutrition. There is no relationship between nutritional knowledge and nutritional status (p value 0.323 &gt; 0.05), there is no relationship between physical activity and nutritional status (p value 0.772 &gt; 0.05), there is no relationship between nutrient intake and nutritional status (p value &gt; 0.05). There is no relationship between knowledge of nutrition, physical activity, nutrient intake and nutritional status because the sig. value in the multiple discriminant test is &gt; 0.05. Conclusions: There is no relationship between nutritional knowledge and nutritional status, there is no relationship between physical activity and nutritional status, there is no relationship between nutrient intake and nutritional status and there is no relationship between knowledge of nutrition, physical activity, nutrient intake and nutritional status.

Nutrition problems in adolescents are found in many nutrients. More nutrition (overweight) is one of the epidemic problems worldwide. Objective of the study to determine the relationship of physical activity, nutritional knowledge and fiber intake with more nutritional status in adolescents in MTSN 2 Kota Bengkulu.Penelitian this is with observational research using cross sectional design. Population taken in this research is all students of class VII and VIII in MTSN 2 City of Bengkulu Year 2017. Sampling by purposive sampling technique. The results of research on average light physical activity, adequate nutritional knowledge, energy intake more than AKG and fiber intake less than AKG. There is a relationship between physical activity, knowledge, energy intake, fiber intake with more nutritional status in adolescent (p &lt;0,05). The most dominant variables associated with more nutritional status are nutritional knowledge (p = 0,000). The importance of adding nutritional knowledge about obesity in adolescents in order to increase physical activity and fiber intake and reduce energy intake so as to achieve good nutritional status.

Nutrition knowledge is knowledge about selecting ingredients, good food, and daily consumption. Nutritional status is an expression of a person�s nutrition in certain variables, namely poor nutritional status, malnutrition, overnutrition, and obesity. Lack of knowledge about the contributions of nutrition from various types of food will cause health and productivity problems in adolescents it is known that knowledge of nutrition provides provision for adolescents on how to choose healthy foods and understand that food is closely related to nutrition and health. This study aimed to determine the relationship between knowledge of nutrition on nutritional status in adolescents aged 15-18 years. The method used is the literature review research design, with the research subjects being adolescents aged 15-18 years, the literature search using google scholar with literature published in 2017-2020, and literature that is found to be screened based on the inclusion criteria, as well as the analytical method used namely descriptive or narrative that explains narrative in a narrative the findings of the literature. In this study, it was found that from the six journals analyzed; four journals stated a relationship between knowledge about nutrition on the nutritional status of adolescents with each p-value (0,003, 0,0001, 0,001, and 0,021). Then two journals stated that there was no relationship between nutrition knowledge on the nutritional status of adolescents, with p-values of 0,619 and 0,147. There is a significant relationship between knowledge about nutrition with attitudes and behavior in choosing the food consumed. While not their significant relationship because of the lack of applying the knowledge possessed in everyday life.

Overnutrition is more common among adolescents. In Indonesia, lack of physical activity, poor quality of sleep due to daily schedules, and the consumption of sweet, fatty, and fast foods are the main contributing factors. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the frequency of consumption of sweet caffeinated beverages and sleep quality with nutritional status in adolescents in high school 5 Tambun Selatan. This study used quantitative research with observational analysis using a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 101 individuals randomly chosen by a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index with the determination of the nutritional status of adolescents obtained from Z-score BMI/U. The Chi-Square test results indicated significant correlations exist between the frequency of sweet caffeinated beverages consumption and nutritional status (p=0.045) but no significant correlations were found between sleep quality and nutritional status (p=0.797) in adolescents in high school 5 Tambun Selatan.

Nutritional status is more a health problem in developing countries. More nutritional status causes heart disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, psychological problems such as cognitive delay, withdrawal from the social environment which will disrupt the growth and development of adolescents. The prevalence of adolescent over nutritional status in 10 state high schools in Malang City is 502 students. The role of parents has an increased factor in the prevalence of nutritional status more related to consumption patterns, as well as more nutritional status adolescents have a negative body image. Research to analyze the role of families that cause more nutritional status and body image of adolescents with more nutritional status. The analytic observational research design was cross sectional approach. Respondents 111 overweight and obese teenagers in 10 public high schools in Malang. Random sampling and proportional sampling techniques. The study was conducted in February - March 2018. Data analysis used SmartPLS version 3. The results showed that most of the family's role included high allowance and socio-economic costs of respondents, working mothers and negative body image in adolescents with more nutritional status. The role of the family affects the nutritional status of adolescents (t statistic 5,072, p value 0,000). Nutritional status is more influential on adolescent body image (t statistic 25,812, p value 0,000). The role of the family influences consumption patterns and obese adolescents have a negative body image.

Background: Adolescents often experience an imbalance between intake and energy expenditure, resulting in the problem of excess nutrition. Unbalanced energy intake and expenditure and lack of nutritional knowledge are the main factors causing over nutrition. The results of research on National Ministry data showed that the nutritional status of adolescents aged 12-18 years who were over-nourished was 19.1% and obesity was 31%. However, the nutritional status of over-nutrition at the provincial level in Banten was 20.9% and obesity was 30%. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between energy intake, macronutrients, calorie drinks and nutritional knowledge on the nutritional status of adolescents aged 15-18 years in Sukabakti Sub district, Tangerang Regency. Methods: Sample was taken by using Proportional Random Sampling technique as many as 97 samples. The variables studied were energy intake, macronutrients, calorie drinks and nutritional knowledge on adolescent nutritional status. This type of research used quantitative research with Chi-Square analysis test. Results: In this study, there was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) between energy intake (P = 0.827), protein intake (P = 468), fat intake (P = 0.849), carbohydrate intake (P = 0.449), calorie drinks (P = 0.227), and no relationship between nutritional knowledge and nutritional status (P = 0.231). Conclusion: Since adolescent nutritional status is influenced by several factors. not only intake and knowledge, but also influenced by physical activity, infectious diseases, attitudes, parents, environment and many more.

Introduction:This study estimated the nutritional as well as the severe thinness status (according to the World Health Organization [WHO]) of a low-income family's adolescent girl and also their early age of life in both urban and rural adolescent girls in Bangladesh.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study measured the height, weight and muac by standard procedure for calculating the body mass index according to the WHO reference. A 2-days, 24-h food recall and food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate the food frequency, energy intake, protein and carbohydrate. A multistage, multiphase stratified cluster sampling was used to select the study population from two locations in Bangladesh: Dhaka city and the east region of Trishal (district of Mymensingh). The study subjects were low-income families’ adolescent girls (n = 214) aged 14–17 years. The two groups contained an equal number of respondents (n=107/group).Results:Results revealed that economic status had a significant effect on nutritional status. Nutritional status of low-income families’ adolescent were low both in urban and rural adolescents, but severe thinness rate according to the WHO of urban (22.4%) adolescents was much higher than rural (10.3%) adolescents (chi-square = 4.9 and P-value = 0.01), and was also higher at an earlier age of their life. In food intake distribution and food consumption status, the same results were seen. The percentage of never eat meat and fish of low-income families adolescent girls were (29.7%, 11.4%) in urban group and (24.4%, 6.8%) in rural group. The main food rice consumption of urban adolescents was also about half that of rural adolescents per day. The study also shows that intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat were significantly different between urban and rural girls. Only 53% energy was covered of the recommended daily energy intake in urban adolescents.Conclusion:Based on the food recall and anthropometric results, we conclude that malnutrition is common in low-income family's adolescents, and the severe thinness rate is much higher in urban than in rural adolescents, as also their early age of life in both low-income family's adolescents girls in Bangladesh.

Nutritional Status is a state of the body due to consuming food and the use of nutritional substances. Nutritional status is differentiated into three namely lack of nutritional status, good nutritional status, and more nutritional status. Determining the nutritional status of teenagers can be done in several ways one of them by using the body's time index. The rate of obesity in children and adolescents in the world, increased from less than 1 percent (the equivalent of five million girls and six million boys) in 1975, became almost 6 percent in girls (50 million) and almost 8 percent in boys (74 million) in the year 2016. This type of research is an observational research with a cross sectional study design that is a study where data collection is taken at the same time. Samples were taken using proportional random sampling. Univariate and bivariate data analysis using Chisquare. The results showed that all the variables studied were related to the adolescent nutritional status at Budi Murni 2 Medan High School with a value of P = (< 0.05). The conclusion of this research is body image, physical activity and nutritional knowledge related to adolescent nutritional status in Budi Murni 2 Medan High school year 2019. The advice in this study is that students are diligent in activities such as exercise and reduce excess food intake into the body to help keep the body shape proportional and normal nutritional status.

Research focusing on the relationship between interpersonal violence and nutritional status in adolescence is scarce and has distinct results. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of family physical and sexual violence with inadequate nutritional status in Brazilian adolescents. We used data from the 2015 Brazilian National Survey of School Health. This study includes 11.850 students, older than 13 years, attending from sixth to ninth grade of elementary school and from the 1st to the 3rd year of high school. The exposures were family physical violence and rape. The outcome was nutritional status, assessed through body mass index. The association between exposures and outcome were investigated using a multinomial logistic regression model. These analyses were adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and family variables. The prevalence of family physical violence victimization was approximately 14% among adolescents for both sexes. The prevalence of rape was 4.6% and 5.7% among male and female adolescents, respectively. Family physical violence was not associated with being underweight, overweight, or obese, in either crude or adjusted models for both sexes. Sexual violence was inversely associated with being underweight only for male adolescents (OR: 0.21, CI 95%: 0.06-0.75). In female adolescents, sexual violence was associated with overweight/obesity (OR: 1.64, CI 95%:1.15-2.33). In this study, rape, but not family physical violence victimization, was associated with nutritional status in adolescents of both sexes. Nonetheless, this association was different between boys and girls. Rape was inversely associated with being underweight in male adolescents, whereas, in female adolescents, it was associated with excess body weight.