Dokonalý jednatel (1795) and its German templates

The article is devoted to linguistic analysis of two short stories by Ghanaian writer Ama Ata Aidoo from the standpoint of linguistic axiology and translation studies. The research helps identify language and text markers of the author’s expressive means in 20 contexts taken from the short stories “For Whom Things Did not Change” and “Other Versions” from the short story collection “No Sweetness Here”. The axiologically filled contexts are identified based on the writer’s system of values as outlined by Russian and foreign literary critics. The research suggests that it is possible to delineate various language units functioning on all levels of the language – from phonology and graphics up to syntax. The axiologically marked units are then analysed from the perspective of translation studies in order to understand how the writer’s system of values can be expressed while translating her works into the Russian language. It is noteworthy that Ama Ata Aidoo uses a wide range of expressive means, often combining them, in order to convey her system of values. She also uses intertextual elements and titles for the same purpose. That said, the Russian translations of these short stories significantly transform the original texts, with some of these transformations being rather questionable. Nonetheless, the research makes it possible to assume that the system of transformations undertaken by translators helps them achieve the transmission of Ama Ata Aidoo’s values in Russian texts rather successfully.

The article deals with the question of the categorisation of translations from Middle Low German into Modern High German as intralingual vs. interlingual translation. This paper sits at the interface between Linguistics and Translation Studies. Despite a few studies on translations from Middle High German and Middle Low German and an over a century long translation practice from these language stages, the translation from historical language stages of German and closely related languages has not received the scholarly attention it deserves. With this intention, the article first examines the theoretical foundations of translation. Then it discusses the concepts and types of equivalence between the source and target texts. It focusses on the similarities and differences between the translation types according to Roman Jakobson (intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic translation). Finally, it addresses the problem of assigning translations from Middle Low German into Modern High German to a specific type of translation. To tackle the research question, linguistic and Translation Studies criteria are used, as well as illustrative examples from the Rostock animal epic “Reynke Vosz de olde” (Ludwig Dietz, 1539), which has not yet been fully edited and translated. Furthermore, it is shown that an intensive examination of the historical language stages of German from the perspective of Translation Studies at the interface with Historical and Comparative Linguistics is not only worthwhile in an exemplary form, but also raises completely new questions and calls into question assumptions the accepted discourse around the intralingual vs. interlingual translation topic has.

This paper presents an on-going project, PANTERA, which deals with the Portuguese-Norwegian language pair. The PANTERA project aims a) to identify all translations ever published between the two languages Portuguese and Norwegian, and b) to make a sample of each available and searchable for the study of translation between the two languages in the PANTERA parallel corpus. After describing the methodology and processing used to create the corpus, I discuss briefly its contents from a translation studies perspective, and proceed to give examples of its actual use in the context of linguistic and cultural studies, ending with its possibilities as a teaching aid.
 The particular subjects discussed are the concept of respect in the two languages, the semantic field of body parts, and the identification of possessive datives and null objects in Portuguese. The translations into Norwegian are used to demonstrate complex syntactic phenomena based on contrastive patterns.

Linguistics and law are closely related disciplines. The study of linguistics aims at instructing people how to use language and express ideas accurately, while the study of law focuses on the study of legal phenomena, whose purpose is to maintain social stability and realize social justice through the construction and maintenance of order. As an applied subject emerging in China at the end of the 20th century, which arouses more and more scholars to devoted themselves to the study of legal linguistics , and they have made gratifying achievements. For every legal scholar, it is vital to learn to use the method of legal linguistics flexibly in the process of judicial practice to deal with practical problems. Due to legal linguistics is a marginal subject in academic circles, scholars for its research is relatively restricted, especially in the judicial practice, therefore, this article will mainly focus on the nature of legal linguistics, present situation of legal linguistics research, the characteristics of the current Chinese legal linguistics, and the legal linguistics research methods. In addition, since the Civil Code has just been published this year, we need to use the logic of legal linguistics to understand and interpret the obscure legal provisions in the Civil Code. Taking Article 144 of the Civil Code as the starting point of the study, different scholars have different opinions on it. Some scholars believe that the civil involved in this Article should include pure profit-making behavior, while others hold the opposite attitude. This essay will use the method of legal linguistics to analyze whether the norm of invalid civil legal act performed by a person without civil capacity should include the behavior of pure profit, and makes a further interpretation of this article. In order to correctly interpret this legal provision, it requires us to analyze it from the perspective of legal linguistics by adopting the three methods of legal linguistics research mentioned below.

The study of linguistics applied to computer science is a much-discussed topic today. In this area, particularly relevant is the software localization process describing the linguistic and cultural adaptation of software products to a specific market scenario. Software localization is going through a phase of strong development due to the great market demand and the current trend of making the computer more human-like in the way it interacts with the user. This paper focuses on “linguistic” localization by addressing the language translation process from the perspective of translation studies. In particular, the process of translating the language assets in a game and making the game linguistically and culturally appropriate for the target market will be explored. The study provides a systematic literature review of the main localization methods developed over the last four decades, along with the major issues and challenges mainly related to the main linguistic and cultural aspects of videogames. The review results are integrated with the results of a qualitative analysis conducted through a focus group with the participation of both academic and professional experts in software and videogame localization. The results of this study are worthwhile for many academics and industry professionals as they provide an in-depth overview of the localization process in software and videogames as well as potential directions for future research.

The article examines one of the important issues from the perspective of both comparative linguistics and translation studies - translation into foreign languages of linguistic units of speech etiquette in the novel "Bygone Days" - one of the first works in the formation of Uzbek novels, written by Abdulla Qadiri, emphasizing the incomparable role of translation in familiarizing foreign readers with the work of Uzbek literature, using the example of their translation into Arabic and English. In addition to the positive aspects of translating the Uzbek mentality in the novel into foreign languages, the errors and omissions made in these translations, their causes, the role of the intermediary language in translation are studied, and recommendations are given for their elimination.

Goal: The aim of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of pseudonymity from linguistic, cultural, historical, and practical perspectives, with a particular emphasis on the role of pseudonyms in literature, science, and library and information disciplines. The paper seeks to shed light on the mechanisms and motives behind pseudonymity, as well as the challenges it poses within cataloging and bibliographic processing. Approach/Methodology: The work relies on an interdisciplinary approach, combining theoretical knowledge from the fields of linguistics, literary studies, bibliography and history, with a comparative analysis of historical examples and classifications of pseudonyms. Special emphasis is placed on the role of pseudonyms in the modern digital environment and their importance for author identification in library systems. Results: The paper identifies key types of pseudonyms, the ways in which they are formed, and the reasons for their use throughout history. Pseudonyms are analyzed according to a number of criteria, including motives, duration, number, and recognizability. The role of pseudonyms as a complex library challenge in the cataloguing process is also highlighted. Limitations: The paper is theoretical in nature and primarily relies on existing literature and historical examples, while a lack of systematic studies on pseudonymity across various disciplines has been identified, leaving room for further research. Practical application: The findings of the paper are of particular importance to the library community, as they facilitate the understanding and classification of pseudonyms in the library catalog, thereby improving the accuracy and consistency of bibliographic processing. Social Significance: Knowledge of pseudonyms and their meanings contributes to the preservation of cultural and scientific heritage, and understanding this phenomenon has broader implications in the context of digital identity and freedom of expression in modern society. Originality/value: The paper presents a comprehensive theoretical overview of pseudonymity and pseudonomastics, supplemented by an analysis of contemporary and historical examples, thereby contributing to an under-researched field and encouraging further scientific research into this complex phenomenon.

This is a case study of how the knowledge and practice of translation can be put to the service of history. The study addresses in particular the efforts of a renowned African scholar, Cheikh Anta Diop, in tracing the African antecedents of the Ancient Egyptian civilization. The focus is on Cheikh Anta Diop’s mastery and translation (or deciphering) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Meroitic script into a modern written language script. Diop’s ultimate goal was to establish a historical and cultural connection between ancient Egypt and Black Africa, through a systematic translation of certain keywords and a comparative linguistic study of Ancient Egyptian and African languages. Diop was also interested in refuting arguments or hypotheses regarding the untranslatability of cultures, particularly between so-called primitive languages and modern, highly scientific languages. Although the debate about the link between Black Africa and Ancient Egypt had lost steam by the end of the 20th century, Diop’s work still carries weight in some scholarly circles, especially given the contemporary ideological importance of issues related to ethnicity and “identities” in disciplines such as postcolonialism and cultural studies. Whatever position one chooses to take on the debate on the subject of a ‘Black Egypt’, one cannot deny the considerable impact of Diop’s scholarship and, from a translation studies perspective, his role as an agent of translation in the writing of history.

The definition of Bosnian studies as a philological discipline at first glance is simple, or at least nothing more complex than the definition of, for example, Croatian or Serbian, or Montenegrin studies. However, the mere comparison of Bosnian and Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin studies, and especially comparison of possible definitions of Bosnian studies in linguistic and literary-historical research indicates the particular complexity of this issue, i.e. a number of problems that arise in this regard. For example, if we agree that in the linguistic perspective Bosnian studies deals with the Bosnian language, no matter how it is defined (which is, after all, only one possibility in determining Bosnian studies in linguistics), the question arises as to what Bosnian studies deals with in the literary-historical perspective, i.e. which is the literature or which are the literatures that Bosnian studies deals with in literary-historical research, e.g. Bosniak or Bosnian-Herzegovinian literature, or some other, third..., and why? Although the linguistic approach is not devoid of possible open questions in defining Bosnian studies, special problems are opened by the literary aspect of Bosnian studies, which should not be surprising because the issue of defining literature in Bosnia-Herzegovina is in itself extremely complex. Moreover, without the definition of Bosnian studies in the literary-historical perspective too, a more complete definition of Bosnian studies in the linguistic perspective is not possible, and especially not a complete definition of Bosnian studies as a philological discipline. And this is exactly what the proposed paper strives for – to fully define Bosnian studies as a philological discipline, taking into account both the linguistic and very complex literary-historical and, finally, even more complex cultural aspect of this issue and problem, both individually and with regard to their complex bonds and relationships. It is, therefore, an effort in the direction of a holistic definition of Bosnian studies, which is a question of fundamental importance for Bosnian studies as such.

Background. In recent decades, the problem of figurativeness in modern Linguistics has received a new development and is investigated from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, namely within the confines of figurative language (R. Gibbs, H. Colston, E. Sweetser, B. Dancygier, G. Lakoff, M. Johnson, E. Semino, G. Leech and others). The topicality of this study is due to the lack of studies on the interpretation of linguistic impoliteness with the help of figurative language, in particular hyperbole, from the perspective of Linguistic Pragmatics and Cognitive Linguistics in the study of Linguistics in Ukraine.The purpose of this study is to examine hyperbole in more detail in the context of linguistic impoliteness. Research methods comprise the methods of communicative-pragmatic analysis and analytical descriptive analysis.Results. The analysis of the monologues of Bill Maher shows that hyperbole is one of the widely used figures of speech in the host’s speech. Accordingly, one can argue about the “hyperbolization” of Bill Maher’s speech with an explicit and deliberate expression of exaggeration. Often, the deliberate use of hyperbole by Bill Maher is explained by his worldview and the pursuit of specific communicative goals, in particular to achieve discourse intensity, create a comic effect, create more informal communicative circumstances of communication, and also provide negative evaluation of the discourse, which collectively create impolite senses that Bill Maher pursues.Discussion. As Linguistic Pragmatics is concerned, Bill Maher’s speech is constructed using various means of language resources. One of these tools is hyperbole in its many embodiments. The host makes extensive use of the hyperbole, which is explained by the deep imagery and communication functions that it performs in speech. This study does not exhaust all aspects of the problem under consideration. Further direction of the study of this issue can be seen in a broader analysis of the realization of linguistic impoliteness by means of figurative language.

One of the treasures of the Narodna in Univerzitetna Knjiinica in Ljubljana is the trilingual dictionary, in two parts, Latin-German-Slovene and German-Slovene-Latin, compiled by Father Hippolytus of the Order of Friars Minor. 1 which for reasons that are not fully explained was returned by the printer and still remains in manuscript. with the exception of the title page and a few specimen pages which were set up in 1711.2 A possible cause of its failure could have been Hippolytus' decision to revise his Slovene orthography, bringing it into line with that advocated by Adam Bohoric. This entailed such a plethora of corrections as to make the text a printer's nightmare. On the other hand Anton Slodnjak suspected the Jesuits of opposition to the original publication in view of a prejudiced and unfavorable assessment of the dictionary by Martin Naglic, a Jesuit grammar-school teacher, in 1776. when a later proposal for publication was rejected. As one of a number of appendices to the dictionary Hippolytus included Latin. German and Slovene versions of one of the most popular and successful school textbooks of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, namely. Jan Amos KomenskY's Orb is sensualium pictus, a title frequently abbreviated to Orbis pictus or world in pictures.,,3 The first edition, published in Nuremberg in 1658, had parallel texts in Latin and German, enabling the classical language to be taught by the medium of the vernacular. The course consisted of a series of one hundred and fifty thematically arranged lessons designed to introduce the basic facts and vocabulary of each topic. One of the innovations in technique was the lavish use of illustrations, separate items in the woodcuts being numbered and identifiable by numbered words in the text. There are no illustrations in Hippolytus' manuscript, but this is not to say they would not have been incorporated in a printed version. In a preface to the 1658 edition Komensky himself emphasizes the advantages of his technique, claiming that the book provided an easier way to learn reading than anything known earlier. Of particular value, in his view. was the symbolical (alphabetum symbolicum) given at the start of the course, where each individual letter was accompanied by a picture of a living creature or natural phenomenon with which the sound could be associated. Simply by looking at the appropriate illustration the learner would recall the phonetic value of the letter. Hippolytus' manuscript presents the Latin, German and Slovene texts in three parallel columns. There is the same division into 150 thematic lessons, preceded by the same invitation from the teacher to the pupil and the same animal alphabet (vivum et vocale alpha be tum ). and followed by the same postscript in which the teacher compliments his young charge on acquiring a basic knowledge of the languages studied, and encourages him to read more widely. The lay-out of the parallel texts and the existence of numerous versions in other languages suggest that we have here a rich field for comparative lexical and other linguistic studies. The present article will compare Hippolytus' Slovene with four other versions of the animal alphabet and assess their relative pedagogical efficiency. In the preliminary meeting of teacher and pupil, the latter expresses his willingness to learn, whereupon he is told, First of all you must learn the simple sounds of which human speech is constituted, sounds which animals can make, your tongue can imitate and your hand can paint. Then we shall go out into the world and inspect all things. Here you have

This paper introduces a new project currently in its planning stages.1 It is dedicated to pseudoarchaic English, an area in linguistic studies which has so far hardly received any academic attention. After providing some historical examples a brief selection of some present-day occurrences as well as inspirational sources for these is given. Sample cases of pseudo-archaic English from various linguistic categories are presented in order to illustrate the wide range of its usage. Some remarks on modern perceptions of the linguistic past and their role in creating pseudo-archaic forms are provided and followed by suggestions on what still needs to be done in this field.

Language is a dynamic, evolving process that reflects the ever-changing realities faced by its speakers. One of the key factors driving this linguistic evolution is the creation of neologisms—new words or expressions that emerge to fill gaps in language or express new concepts, often as a response to technological advancements, cultural shifts, and globalization. Neologisms not only enrich the vocabulary but also offer a rich point of analysis in linguistics, shedding light on societal and cultural contexts. They are formed through various processes such as borrowing, compounding, blending, and acronym creation, all of which reflect the interaction between linguistic mechanisms and the cultural environment. This paper explores the formation and implications of neologisms from both linguistic and cultural perspectives, with a particular focus on ecolinguistics and sociolinguistics. Historical examples, such as the Industrial Revolution and the Digital Era, illustrate the deep connection between language and social change. By examining neologisms, this study seeks to illuminate the role of language in adapting to societal transformations and how it serves as both a mirror and a driver of cultural evolution.

Thoroughly revised and updated with some 500 new entries-including the addition of pertinent Internet sites-this is the only bibliographic guide to information sources for linguistics. Coverage spans from 1957, the publication date of Chomsky's seminal work, to the present, with emphasis on English-language resources. DeMiller's detailed citations describe and evaluate each work, often offering comparisons to similar titles. Its broad coverage and in-depth reviews make this work essential to the research and study of general or theoretical linguistics. The book is also indispensable in the related areas of anthropological linguistics, applied linguistics, mathematical and computation linguistics, psycholinguistics, semiotics, and sociolinguistics, which are all treated in separate chapters, as well as the study of language and languages from a linguistic perspective. A must for any library supporting the study of linguistics or its related fields, this is a valuable reference and research tool. It i

IN MEMORIAM SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN October 25, 1948-February 2, 2000 Suzanne Fleischman, a distinguished linguist and phüologist, professor of French at the University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the Editorial Board of TENSO, died of leukemia on February 2, 2000 at the age of51 . Fleischman produced ground-breaking work in Romance and general linguistics that was widely influential. Her undergraduate career was spent at the University ofMichigan, where she specialized in Spanish with, among others, the Romance linguist Ernst Pulgram, graduating summa cum laude in 1 969. She received her Ph.D. in Romance PhUology at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1975, working under the direction ofthe renowned Romance linguist Yakov Malkiel who had founded the Berkeley program and the journal Romance Philology. Her dissertation, "The French Suffix -age: Its Genesis, Internal Growth, and Diffusion," traced the spread of-age (< -ATICU), originaUy a suffix that designated forms oftaxation, as a function ofextra-linguistic factors, notably the spread offeudalism. A revised version was pubUshed under the title Cultural andLinguistic Factors in Word Formation: An Integrated Approach to the Development ofthe Suffix -age (1977). The design and implementation of this project owed much to Malkiel's intellectual style, but Fleischman very quickly emancipated herselffrom her mentor's influence. In 1974, the Berkeley French Department announced an opening for a specialist in French Linguistics. Fleischman had been broadly trained in the Romance languages, but her first love as a graduate student had been Spanish. This was foUowed by Portuguese for which she had occasionaUyserved as a simultaneous interpreter in local court proceedings. She had been a Fulbright FeUow in Portugal in 1969. Italian, French, and Old Occitan were also in her repertory, but to a lesser extent than the idioms ofthe Iberian peninsula. She nevertheless applied for the position and was hired on the basis ofher extraor74 IN MEMORIAM SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN dinary accomplishments as a graduate student and the pan-Romance character ofher dissertation. She subsequently reordered her priorities and made herself into one ofthe handful ofmost prominent linguists in the field ofFrench. She was awarded a Guggenheim FeUowship in 1981-82. Fleischman's next major work was The Future in Thought andLanguage: Diachronie Evidencefrom Romance (1982), in which she traced the alternations of analysis and synthesis in the morphology offuture forms from Latin into the Romance tongues. The book presents morphosyntactic developments as a function of semantic change. An innovative study ofthe interplay oftense, modality, wordorder , and aspect, this book won wide acclaim from Romance linguists and general linguists alike and is recognized as an essential contribution to the theory ofgrammaticalization, to cognitive linguistics , and to the problematics oflinguistic universale. Fleischman's most influential work in the field ofliterary studies was Tense andNarrativity: From Medieval Performance io Modern Fiction ( 1 990), which placed medieval narratives in the context ofgeneral theories ofnarration and linguistic pragmatics, applying to medieval texts a series of insights deriving from sociolinguistics, in particular from the study ofthe spontaneous oral narratives ofinnercity American children. Fleischman had always been interested in the interplay between linguistic and Uterary qualities ofnarrative. Indeed, readers ofthisjournal perhaps knowher best fortwo articles on Occitan narrative, each ofwhich is a landmark in scholarship on the work in question: "Dialectic Structures in 'Flamenca'" (1980), and "'Jaufre' or Chivalry Askew: Social Overtone ofParody inArthurian Romance" (1981). Along these same lines, she contributed the chapter on "The Non-Lyric Texts" to the indispensable Handbook ofthe Troubadours (1995). In the area ofOld French epic narrative, she also published two classic studies: "Overlay Structures in the Song of Roland: A Discourse-Pragmatic Strategy ofOral Narrative" (1986), and "ALinguistic Perspective on the Laisses Similaires: Orality and the Pragmatics ofNarrative Discourse" (1989). 75 IN MEMORIAM SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN Fleischman was active in professional meetings and was the co-editor of two volumes of studies, one with Linda R. Waugh, Discourse-Pragmatics and the Verb: The Evidence from Romance (1991), the other with Joan Bybee, Modality in Grammar and Discourse (1 995). Always attracted to the theory ofthe medieval text, Fleischman was the only trained Romance philologist represented in the muchdiscussed New Philology issue ofSpeculum (1990), with her article "Philology, Linguistics, and the Discourse ofthe MedievalText," which argued for the importance ofdiscourse analysis in philological work. In another study, she tackled one ofthe central problems ofmedieval narrative, its claims to represent reality: "On the Representation of History and Fiction in the Middle Ages" (1983). Among the other interests of this many-faceted scholar was linguistic pragmatics, in particular in two domains: language and gender , and, increasingly as the disease from which she died progressed, language and medicine. In the first of these areas, her outstanding contribution was "Gender, the Personal, and the Voice of Scholarship " (1998). During the last few years ofher Ufe Fleischman, constantly probing the linguistic aspects ofher social surroundings, audited courses on hematology and presented a number of papers at medical conferences, where she spoke as at once patient and linguist. An example ofthis aspect ofher work is "I am..., I have..., I suffer from...: A Linguist Reflects on the Language ofIllness and Disease" (1999). Two colleagues in the Berkeley Department of Linguistics, Eve Sweetser and Dan Slobin, are preparing Fleischman's selected papers for publication, including some that did not appear during her Ufetime. Fleischman was an extraordinary classroom teacher, combining a theoretical habit of mind with rigorously practical analysis in lectures that were models ofclarity. She was the opponent ofaU obfuscation , notjust in her linguistic work but also in frank face-to-face 76 IN MEMORIAM SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN evaluations ofher students' qualities ofmind. In addition to the many topics reflected above, she taught courses in the Department ofFrench and the Program in Romance Philology on general historical linguistics and the development ofthe Romance vernaculars. In the course ofher career, spent entirely at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, Fleischman directed a number ofsuperb dissertations, including those of Anna Livia Brawn, Susan Herring, Richard Laurent, Sophie Marnette, and Armin Schwegler, and assumed a mentoring role for many others. Suzanne Fleischman was a great raconteuse and her ironic viewpoint enlivened any gathering. She leaves behind notjust stunned and saddened colleagues, but students who were counting on her brilliance and wisdom to guide them through their studies. Her absence leaves a gap in the Uves ofaU those who valued her love oflanguage, her intellectual inventiveness, her incisive wit, her warmth, and the joie de vivre that she shared with us for aU too short a time. Joseph J. Duggan University ofCalifornia, Berkeley WORKS CITED Fleischman, Suzanne. Cultural and Linguistic Factors in Word Formation : An Integrated Approach to the Development ofthe Suffix -age. University of California PubUcations in Linguistics 86. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. —. "Dialectic Structures in 'Flamenca'." Romanische Forschungen 92 (1980): 229-246. —. "The French Suffix -age: Its Genesis, Internal Growth, and Diffusion ". Diss. Univ. ofCalifornia Berkeley, 1975. 77 IN MEMORlAM SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN —. The Future in Thought andLanguage: Diachronie Evidencefrom Romance. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 36. Cambridge University Press, 1982. —. "Gender, the Personal, and the Voice of Scholarship." Signs: A Journal of Women and Culture 23 (1 998): 975-1016. —. "I am..., I have..., I suffer from...: A Linguist Reflects on the Language of Illness and Disease." Journal of Medical Humanities and Cultural Studies 20 (1999): 3-32. —. "'Jaufre' or Chivalry Askew: Social Overtone of Parody in Arthurian Romance." Viator 12(1981): 109-129. —. "A Linguistic Perspective on the Laisses Similaires: Orality and the Pragmatics ofNarrative Discourse," Romance Philology 43 (1989): 70-89. —. "The Non-Lyric Texts". Handbook ofthe Troubadours. Ed. F. R. P. Akehurst. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University ofCalifornia Press, 1995. 167-184. —. 'Onthe Representation ofHistory and Fiction in the MiddleAges." History and Theory 23 (1983): 278-310. —. "Overlay Structures in the 'Song of Roland': A DiscoursePragmatic Strategy of Oral Narrative," Berkeley Linguistic Studies 12 (1986): 108-123. —. "Philology, Linguistics, and the Discourse ofthe Medieval Text," Speculum 64 (1990): 19-37. —. Tense and Narrativity: From Medieval Performance to Modern Fiction. Austin: University ofTexas Press; London: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1990. 78 IN MEMORIAM SUZANNE FLEISCHMAN and Joan Bybee, eds. Modality in Grammar andDiscourse. Typological Studies in Language 32. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1995. and Linda R. Waugh, eds. Discourse-Pragmatics and the Verb: The Evidencefrom Romance. London: Routledge, 1991. 79 ...