Does the Biofloc System Affect Water Quality, Reproduction, and Hemato-Immunology of Penaeus vannamei During Broodstock Maturation?

We evaluated the effect of low pH and low and high total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations on the physiology, stress status and the growth performance of turbot in RAS. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, turbot (466 g) were grown at control (pH 7.5; TAN ~0.5 mg/L) or low pH and high TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~50 mg/L) for 55 days. In Experiment 2, turbot (376 g) were grown at control (pH 7.5; TAN ~0.5 mg/L), low pH and low TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~5 mg/L) or low pH and high TAN (pH 5.7; TAN ~50 mg/L) for 59 days. In Experiment 1, final body weight, feed intake and growth were significantly lower and FCR significantly higher in turbot exposed to low pH and high TAN. In Experiment 2, only growth was significantly lower in turbot exposed to treatment low pH and high TAN as compared to fish in the control treatment and low pH and low TAN. Osmoregulation and stress indicators measured were within normal levels. In conclusion, turbot grew equally well in a water pH of 7.5 or 5.7 provided a low TAN. In contrast, low pH combined with a high TAN impaired turbot performance.

The acclimation of a nitrifying biofilter is a crucial and time-consuming task for setting up a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Gaining a better understanding of the dynamics of the microbial community during the acclimation period in the system could be useful for the development of mature nitrifying biofilters. In this study, high-throughput DNA sequencing was applied to monitor the microbial communities on a biofilter during the acclimation period (7weeks) in high (100mgN/L) and low (5mgN/L) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) treatments. Both treatments were successful for developing a mature nitrifying biofilter, dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Nitrospirae. Complete nitrification was found after 7days of biofilter acclimation as indicated by decreasing TAN concentration, increasing nitrate concentration, and high abundances of the nitrifying bacteria, Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospiraceae. The beta diversity analysis of microbial communities showed different clustering of the samples between high and low TAN treatment groups. A greater abundance of nitrifying bacteria was found in the high TAN treatments (27-51%) than in the low TAN treatment (15-29%). The bacterial diversity in biofilters acclimated at high TAN concentration (Shannon's index 5.40-6.15) were lower than those found at low TAN treatment levels (Shannon's index 6.40-7.01). The higher diversity in biofilters acclimated at low TAN concentrations, consisting of Planctomycetes and Archaea, might benefit the nutrient recycling in the system. Although nitrification activity was observed from the first week of the acclimation period, the acclimation period should be taken as at least 6weeks for full development of nitrifying biofilm. Moreover, the reduction of potentially pathogenic Vibrio on biofilters was found at that period.

Laboratory tests of bacterial amendments for accelerating oxidation rates of ammonia, nitrite and organic matter in aquaculture pond water

Seaweed Ulva sp. has great potential in sustainable integrated cultivation systems to reduce the impact of exploitation in nature. This research aimed to analyze the effect of Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) concentration on the growth and chlorophyll-a content of seaweed Ulva sp. in a controlled culture system. The importance of this research is to develop sustainable cultivation systems without harming natural ecosystems by utilizing available nutrients in the form of TAN. The research method used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 TAN concentration treatments: (P0: 0 ppm, P1: 0,010 ppm, P2: 0,025 ppm, P3: 0,050 ppm, P4: 0,075 ppm) with 3 replications. The culture was conducted for 15 days at the Aquaculture Environment Laboratory, University of Mataram. Parameters observed included absolute weight growth, specific weight growth rate, thallus sheet width and length, and Chlorophyll-a content. Research results showed that the highest absolute weight growth was achieved in treatment P1 (17,67%), the highest specific growth rate in P3 (3,39%), the highest thallus sheet width growth in P4 (2,83 cm), and the highest thallus length growth in P4 (3,50 cm). The highest Chlorophyll-a content was found in the control treatment P0 (8,06 mg/l), but based on the one-way ANOVA test results, there was no significant (p>0,05) effect on the growth of Ulva sp. However, the 2nd order polynomial regression test revealed a strong relationship between TAN concentration and growth, with R² ranging from 88-94%. Water quality during culture remained within normal range. The conclusion of this research indicates that TAN concentrations in the range of 0-0.075 ppm (mg/L) were only able to support the survival of seaweed Ulva sp. without providing significant effects on its growth. Further research with higher TAN concentration ranges is recommended to determine the optimal growth point for Ulva sp.

The pellet size of the diet can affect both fish growth performance and the water quality of the rearing units. The present work assessed the effects of feeding juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) a small crumbled diet (SCD; 0.8 mm) on water quality and growth performance. Fish were reared for six weeks in twenty 250-L polyethylene outdoor tanks at a density of 10 juveniles tank -1 (40 fish m -3 ). There were two feeding rates (standard and restricted) and two types of artificial fish diet (powdered and SCD). The standard feeding rates were reduced by 30% for restricted feeding. The concentrations of free CO2, reactive phosphorus, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite were higher in the full-fed tanks relative to the restricted-fed tanks. In the standard feeding rate groups, those tanks fed SCD had lower TAN and nitrite concentrations than tanks fed a powdered diet. The final body weight and specific growth rate of fish fed a restricted SCD were higher than the full-fed tanks. The higher levels of food waste in the powdered-diet tanks lead to impairment of fish growth performance.

Sargassum spp. is grass the sea that enters in category brown algae macro which is still Not yet wide cultivated in waters beach so that tried cultivation scale laboratory with treatment fertilization nutrients macro. Research This done for analyze resilience life and growth on Sargassum spp. with different Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) concentrations. This research method uses an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments (P0: No Concentration, P1: TAN Concentration 0.010 ppm, P2: TAN Concentration 0.025 ppm, P3: TAN Concentration 0.050 ppm, P4: TAN Concentration 0.075 ppm) and 3 replications, so that there are 15 total experiments. Sargassum spp. maintenance was carried out for 15 days at the Aquaculture Environment Laboratory, Mataram University. The parameters observed include survival, growth weight absolute , rate growth heavy specific, long thallus , number strands leaves and water quality. Based on one-way anova test results concentration tested​ with level 95% confidence level obtained results that are not significant (p>0.05) against growth and resilience live on grass sea Sargassum spp. Results of the second order polynomial regression test between TAN concentration with growth grass sea obtained mark determination of R 2 (70-80%) which reveals strong relationship and 20-30% is influenced by other factors. The concentration given to maintenance This no utilized for growth Sargassum spp. however used for endure life come to the phase death. Based on the results obtained, then can concluded that the concentration of TAN given Still low. Because of that that, for study furthermore recommended use higher concentration of TAN high and use coral dead as substrate.

An assessment of total ammonia nitrogen concentration in Alabama (USA) ictalurid catfish ponds and the possible risk of ammonia toxicity

A lifetime of bis-chloromethyl ether

Mathematical models and bacterial communities for ammonia toxicity in mesophilic anaerobes not acclimated to high concentrations of ammonia.

Fish are important in constructed wetland (CW) ecosystem. An 80-day experiment was conducted by exposing juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) to 0, 0.5, 2.0, 4.5, 9.0, and 18.0mgL-1 total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) stress to determine the severity of physiological changes in fish organs (liver, gills, and muscle) in CW. Specific growth rate results indicated that low TAN (≤ 2.0mgL-1) help maintain or enhance grass carp growth. Fish physiological indexes did not significantly change during exposure, except for the gill's reactive oxygen species (ROS) level that is susceptible to TAN exposure. Under high TAN (≥ 4.5mgL-1), physiological changes and organ-specific responses were revealed. The ROS and malondialdehyde levels were higher in the gills than in the liver. At 9.0mgL-1 TAN, the muscle cells manifested toxicity. The antioxidant system of different organs responded differently because the gills were more susceptible to low TAN than other organs. After TAN removal from the low TAN system, the antioxidative enzymes and antioxidants were increased to scavenge extra ROS and reverted to the normal level. However, grass carp cannot recover from the oxidative damage at ≥ 9.0mgL-1 external TAN, resulting in organ dysfunction and failed ROS scavenging. This study provides information in maintaining CW sustainability.

Anthropogenic activities have denatured aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments throughout the world in general, and in Lubumbashi in particular, where market garden soils have become uncultivable for many plants. Thus, bioponics could be an effective means of producing uncontaminated vegetables in soilless cultivation, not only reducing the amount of fertilizer used and limiting contamination of agricultural produce but also achieving higher yields than in open-ground cultivation. The overall objective of this study was to implement a new bioponic technique for producing liquid fertilizer from chicken manure and utilize it in the organic hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia) installed on floating raft systems. To achieve this, two types of trials were conducted. The first was aimed at determining the quantities of organic matter to be used in the formulation of nutrient solutions. The second trial aimed to determine the optimal nitrogen concentration to be provided for hydroponic plant growth. Mineralization and/or anaerobic digestion of chicken manure were conducted for 7 days in 200 L barrels. For the first trial, nutrient solutions were created from three different concentrations of chicken manure (0.35%, 3.5%, and 7% dry matter—D.M.). These solutions were then used in bioponic rafts where total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were fixed at 150 mg/L. For the second trial, D.M. was fixed at 2.5% for each tested modality, but TAN concentrations varied among them (i.e., 60, 90, and 120 mg/L TAN concentration). Modalities with low D.M. concentration (0.35%) and those with low TAN concentration (60 mg/L) resulted in higher yields than bioponic modalities receiving high concentrations of dry matter or TAN, respectively, for trials 1 and 2. Although the reference chemical solutions generate the greatest yields, bioponic systems operating with chicken manure present a good alternative for the cultivation of vegetables in developing countries with heavily contaminated soils. Indeed, bioponics allows for the production of vegetables in large quantities from animal waste, which does not pose health risks for human consumption. Local vegetable species commonly grown in Lubumbashi should be tested under hydroponic conditions.

The toxicity effects of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

We examined the temporal and vertical distribution of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in sediment pore water and compared the temporal patterns of TAN and NH3-N concentrations in overlying surface water with those in pore water. Pore water was obtained by core extraction and subsequent centrifugation. We measured TAN concentrations and calculated NH3-N concentrations from February through October 1993 at four sites in Pool 8, upper Mississippi River, at depths of 0 to 4, 4 to 8, and 8 to 12 cm below the sediment-water interface. Total ammonia nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were significantly different among sampling dates (p = 0.0001) and sediment depths (p = 0.0001). Concentrations of TAN and NH3-N in surface water were significantly less than those in pore water from all sediment depths (p < 0.05). Concentrations in pore water ranged from 0.07 to 4.0 mg TAN/L and less than 1 to 20 μg NH3-N/L in winter, and from 0.07 to 10.0 mg TAN/L and 1 to 175 μg NH3-N/L in summer; greatest concentrations were usually found in sediments 8 to 12 cm deep. Annual mean TAN concentrations were positively correlated with silt and volatile solids content and were negatively correlated with sand content. Because of the high variability of TAN and NH3-N concentrations in pore water, sediment toxicity studies should take into account the season and the depth at which sediments are obtained. The annual mean NH3-N concentration in pore water at one site (55 μg/L) exceeded the concentration (30 μg/L) demonstrated to inhibit growth of fingernail clams in laboratory studies. However, these concentrations apparently were not lethal, as evidenced by the presence of fingernail clams at this site.

Biofilm cultivation of chlorella species. MUR 269 to treat anaerobic digestate food effluent (ADFE): Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations effect

In this study, the authors investigated how various total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (128–1231 mg nitrogen/l) in the substrate medium affect the anodic performance of dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) with an anion-exchange membrane (AEM) and a cation-exchange membrane (CEM). The current densities and midpoint potentials of the bioanode in the AEM-MEC were independent of TAN concentration changes. In comparison, current densities in the CEM-MEC considerably dropped at a high TAN concentration of 1231 mg nitrogen/l, and the midpoint potential of the bioanode became increasingly positive, indicating that the anode biofilm was negatively affected by a high TAN concentration. Comparison of pH and TAN concentration changes in the anolyte in the CEM-MEC suggests that high levels of TAN did not directly influence anode-respiring bacteria (ARB) metabolism; accumulation of protons was the primary reason for the deterioration of anodic performance. However, the patterns of changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies and coulombic efficiencies in response to increased TAN concentrations were quite similar in the two MECs. The COD removal efficiencies also decreased at elevated TAN concentrations, while coulombic efficiencies increased, suggesting that non-ARB activity was reduced in both MECs.