Does intellectual capital affect financial stability? Mediation of the credit risk of Islamic banks

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the moderating role of capital on the relationship between loan growth and credit risk for Islamic banks in the post-crisis era.Design/methodology/approachThe study used annual data of 217 Islamic banks from 38 countries and ranges from 2010–2019. The study applies a two-step system GMM method for hypotheses testing about the moderating role of bank capital on the relationship between loan growth and credit risk in Islamic banks.FindingsThe findings showed that an increase in loan growth increases the credit risk of Islamic banks, as evidenced by loan loss provisions, loan loss reserves and nonperforming loans. The results indicate that capital positively moderates the relationship between loan growth and credit risk in Islamic banking. The positive relationship between bank capital and risk-taking is in line with the “regulatory hypothesis” in banking. The findings predict lower impacts of capital on the relationship between loan growth and credit risk in the South Asian region than MENA, Africa, South, East and Central Asia regions. However, the impact of capital is higher for larger Islamic banks than medium and smaller ones.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study add value to the current debate on the role of bank capital to reduce risk-taking in Islamic banks. The study's findings have implications for policymakers, managers, especially in Islamic banking, for improving the Islamic financial system by managing the role of capital, loan growth and credit risk.Originality/valueThis is the first study to explore the moderating role of bank capital on the relationship between loan growth and credit risk in the post-crisis era, especially in Islamic banking. This is the first study in the Islamic banking context, which is providing empirical evidence for the impact of loan growth on the back looking and forward-looking proxies of credit risk under the moderating role of bank capitalization in the post-crisis era. This is the first study, which providing findings based on regions and size to compare the differences in Islamic banks for the impact of loan growth on credit risk under the moderating role of capitalization.

This study aims to analyze the effect of intellectual capital components, namely Human Capital Efficiency (HCE), Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE), and Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE), on the performance of Islamic banks, as well as to examine the moderating role of gender diversity in Islamic banking governance. This study uses a quantitative design with a panel data approach, covering 14 Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia during the period 2017–2022, and analyzed using moderated regression analysis. The results show that HCE and CEE have a positive effect on Islamic bank performance, while SCE has a negative effect. Furthermore, gender diversity was found to moderate the relationship between intellectual capital and bank performance, with a positive moderating effect on the SCE–performance and CEE–performance relationships, but a negative moderating effect on the HCE–performance relationship. These findings indicate that gender diversity can strengthen governance effectiveness and financial efficiency, but the optimization of human capital is still influenced by organizational factors and cultural context. The policy implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating governance strategies that not only encourage increased gender diversity at the board level but also ensure the alignment of roles and the effective utilization of intellectual capital in Islamic banking. The limitations of this study lie in the use of specific measures of intellectual capital and its focus on the context of Islamic banking in Indonesia. Therefore, further research is recommended to use alternative proxies and consider cross-country institutional factors.

This paper re-examines the relationships between intellectual capital, financial performance and market value. The exogenous variables examined include human capital efficiency, structural capital efficiency (SCE) and capital employment efficiency - all used as proxies for intellectual capital (IC). Return on assets (ROA) and market value (MV) are the endogenous variables. The following are the main findings. First, intellectual capital (IC) as represented by human capital and capital efficiency significantly affects financial performance that represented by ROA over the long term, whereas IC as represented by structural capital cannot adapt to changes in the business environments. Second, SCE has failed to moderate the relationship between IC with ROA. Third, IC as represented by human capital, structural capital and capital efficiency significantly affects MV. Finally, SCE is being able to moderate the relationships between IC and MV.

Research Aims: This research aims to investigate the impact of intellectual capital on the performance of Islamic Banking in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: The population in this research is islamic banking, type of islamic commercial banks. A purposive sampling method is used in the research. This research employs secondary data in the form of annual islamic commercial banking reports from 2017 to 2022. Multiple regression analysis was utilized. The statistical tool used to analyse the research data is eviews 12. Research Findings: This research shows that human capital efficiency and capital employed efficiency have a positive and significant effect on return on assets. Meanwhile, structural capital efficiency has a negative and significant effect on return on assets. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This research has not been examined much because it tests the direct influence of intellectual capital efficiency using the variables human capital efficiency, structural capital efficiency, and capital employed efficiency on the performance of Islamic banking in Indonesia. Research limitation and implication: This article provides insight into Islamic banking and indicates that investing in intellectual capital has a major impact on islamic banking's the ability to generate profits. This study only examines some instances of Islamic banking in Indonesia. For further research can use islamic banking in ASEAN countries.

This thesis investigates several aspects concerning the financial stability of Islamic and conventional banks. This is important because the strong growth of Islamic banking, notwithstanding their marked uniqueness in operational and financing behaviour, combined with fierce global competition with the prevailing conventional bank system, raises concerns among regulators and practitioners about the long-run sustainability of Islamic banking. First, the thesis compares the level of financial stability in Islamic and conventional banks using three different methods of credit risk measurement. Second, it compares the effect of competition on stability across Islamic and conventional banks. Finally, it investigates whether efficiency significantly modulates the linkage between competition and stability in both Islamic and conventional banks. In the first research question, the thesis considers the levels of credit risk in Islamic and conventional banks, for which existing literature finds no conclusive result. One problem with existing studies is the use of accounting information alone to assess credit risk and this could be especially misleading with Islamic banking. Using a market-based credit risk measure, namely, Merton’s distance-to-default (DD) model, we evaluate the credit risk of 156 conventional and 37 Islamic banks across 13 countries between 2000 and 2012. We also calculate the accounting information-based Z-score and nonperforming loan (NPL) ratio for the purpose of comparison. The results show that Islamic banks have significantly lower credit risk than conventional banks as based on DD. In contrast, and as expected, Islamic banks display much higher credit risk using the Z-score and NPL ratio. These findings suggest that the measure chosen plays a significant role in assessing the actual credit risk of Islamic banks.

Intellectual Capital is essential in every economical activity. The aim of this study how intellectual capital impact on financial performance in Sri Lankan financial institution. To achieve objective of this research banking institution has been selected from Colombo Stock Exchange financial directory for the period from 2016 to 2020. Random sampling technique were used to analysis the data. MVIAC model used for the measurement of independent variable in this study. This model is a composite sum of two indicators these are Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE) - indicator of VA efficiency of capital employed and Intellectual Capital Efficiency (ICE) – indicator of value-added efficiency ofcompany’s Intellectual Capital base. Intellectual Capital Efficiency is composed of (a) Human Capital Efficiency (HCE) – indicator of value-added efficiency of human capital; and (b) Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE) – indicator of value-added efficiency of structural capital (c) Rational Capital Efficiency (RCE). Finding represent that intellectual capital has significant impact on financial performance of Sri Lankan financial institution, specially banking industry. SCE and CEE has negative impact while RCE impact positively on financial performance.

This study examines the relationship between Intellectual Capital (IC) and Financial Performance (FP) among the companies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Based on the resource-based view and knowledge-based theory, this study adopts a conceptual approach consistent with the Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) model to examine the impact of human capital efficiency (HCE), capital employed efficiency (CEE), and structural capital efficiency (SCE), on performance indicators including return on assets (ROA), return on investments (ROI), and Tobin’s Q among publicly listed MENA companies. The lack of research on intellectual capital in developing economies. The results indicate that intellectual capital significantly enhances financial performance, with human capital emerging as the key factor. The findings suggest that knowledge-based resources are crucial for gaining a competitive advantage in emerging markets. They reveal that companies with greater efficiency in managing intellectual capital tend to achieve better financial performance. the study bridges the gap in literature of intellectual capital in developing economies and provides practical insights for managers and policymakers in MENA region. It emphasizes the strategic importance of investing in knowledge assets to enhance corporate performance.

This study investigates the impact of Intellectual Capital on the market structure of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. Employing a quantitative approach, the research utilizes the Random Effect Model for panel data regression analysis, drawing on secondary data extracted from the annual reports of eight Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. The findings reveal that Islamic banks in Indonesia predominantly operate within a monopolistic market structure. Among the dimensions of Intellectual Capital, Human Capital Efficiency (HCE) emerges as the sole factor exerting a positive and significant influence on market structure, significantly enhancing the value creation process within Islamic banking. In contrast, Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE), Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE), and Relational Capital Efficiency (RCE) exhibit no discernible individual effects. These results underscore the necessity for regulators to delve deeper into market dynamics to foster a more competitive environment for Islamic banks. Furthermore, the findings advocate for regulatory support to facilitate the consolidation of Islamic banks, thereby enhancing Intellectual Capital efficiency. Such measures would enable Islamic banks to evolve into more efficient financial institutions, ultimately delivering greater societal benefits.

This study explores the intellectual capital (IC) performance of Islamic banks (IBs) and examines the impact of intellectual capital on financial performance in terms of profitability and productivity in IBs. The IC features are also examined individually to identify the primary driver of IC performance and their individual impact on the IBs’ financial performance. A quantitative method using multi regression analysis is utilised to examine the nexus between IC and the IBs’ financial performance indicators. The measurement of IC uses Modified Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (MVAIC™) which is an extended model of VAIC™. The data were drawn from 49 IBs from 2014 to 2018. The empirical findings indicate that IC is positively significant in impacting IBs’ financial performance measures, especially profitability, but inconclusively related to productivity. Furthermore, when the components were analysed separately, the nexus between these components and IBs’ financial performance indicators show lesser uniform results. Capital employed efficiency and human capital efficiency are found to be the most influential features of IC in this study, while structural capital efficiency does not show an impact on financial performance. Evidence also demonstrates that all IC components are not significantly related to IBs’ productivity indicator. The study offers an extended understanding of IC and its role in IBs and may provide guidance to different stakeholders including regulators and management of IBs to formulate and structure relevant strategies to create, utilize, and maintain IC for the more resilient banking sector, as extensive practical implications are provided for this purpose.

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has affected economic activity both globally and nationally, which also has an impact to banking sector and Islamic banking is no exception. This study aims to see how the impact of Islamic bank financing in seven sectors affected by the COVID-19 to the credit risk of Indonesian Islamic banks. In addition, this study also tries to see whether the proportion of mudharabah-musharaka or profit-loss sharing (PLS) financing also affects credit risk in Indonesian Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach This study uses fixed effect panel data regression over the period 2011–2020. Findings The results of this study show that wholesale and retail trade financing will increase credit risk in Indonesian Islamic banks as a policy implication. In terms of the proportion of PLS financing, it shows that a larger share of PLS financing will reduce credit risk in Islamic banks. Originality/value This paper demonstrates that despite the industry’s perception of PLS as riskier than murabaha-based instruments. According to the research, PLS financing will lower credit risk in Islamic banks. This study found that PLS contributes to overall economic stability by shifting the function of Islamic banks from a simple lending body to an active market catalyst/manager/consultant to market players seeking financial aid.

Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on Islamic bank performance (IBP), using four performance indicators: asset turnover, return on assets, return on equity and non-performing loans. It further investigates how corporate governance (CG) mechanisms – specifically board size, board independence and Shariah board involvement – mediate the relationship between IC and IBP. The study supports the broader objectives of socioeconomic justice and sustainable development in Islamic finance. Design/methodology/approach The study uses data from 136 Islamic banks across 29 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries from 2012 to 2023. Analytical methods include structural equation modeling with partial least squares and path analysis to evaluate direct and mediated effects. Findings The findings indicate that IC significantly enhances IBP. All three IC components – human capital efficiency, structural capital efficiency and relational capital efficiency – positively affect performance. Moreover, board size and Shariah board involvement serve as effective mediators. However, Board Independence exhibits a significant adverse effect, suggesting that excessive independence may undermine the efficient use of IC. Research limitations/implications The study recommends that Islamic banks strategically optimize IC and reinforce governance practices, particularly those related to board structure and Shariah compliance. These efforts are critical for enhancing performance and ensuring financial resilience. Further research is suggested to expand CG variables and assess their effects on financial inclusion and ethical banking outcomes. Originality/value This study offers a novel contribution by specifically analyzing Islamic Bank Performance (IBP) across 29 OIC countries – an object of study that has received limited attention in the literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is among the first to empirically test the mediating role of CG in the IC – IBP relationship within the context of Islamic finance. The findings offer actionable insights into optimizing IC and governance design to foster competitive advantage and support Islamic finance’s ethical and development-oriented mission.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of regulation and market competition on the risk-taking Behaviour of financial institutions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical framework is based on panel fixed effects/random effects specification. For robustness purpose, this study also uses the generalized method of moments estimation technique. This study tests the hypothesis that regulatory capital requirements have a significant effect on financial stability of Islamic and conventional banks (CBs) in the MENA region. This study also investigates the moderating effect of market power and concentration on the relationship between capital regulation and bank risk.FindingsThe estimation results support the view that capital adequacy ratio (CAR) has no significant impact on credit risk of Islamic banks (IBs), whereas market competition does play a significant role in shaping the risk behavior of these institutions. This study report opposite results for CBs – an increase in the minimum capital requirements is followed by an increase in a bank’s risk level, which has a negative impact on their financial stability. Furthermore, the results support the notion of a non-linear relationship between banking concentration and bank risk. The findings inform the regulatory authorities concerned with improving the financial stability of banking sector in the MENA region to set their policy differently depending on the level of concentration in the banking market.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature on the effectiveness of regulatory reforms (in this case, capital requirements) and market competition for bank performance and risk-taking. In regard to IBs, capital requirements are less effective in requiring IBs to adjust their risk level according to the Basel III methodology. This study finds that IBs’ risk behavior is strongly associated with market competition, and therefore, the interest rates. Moreover, banks operating in markets with high banking concentration (but not necessarily, low competition), will decrease their credit risk level in response to an increase in the minimum capital requirements. As a result, these banks will be more stable compared to their conventional peers. Thus, regulators and policymakers in the MENA region should restrict the risk-taking behavior of IBs through stringent capital requirements and more intense banking supervision.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of these findings are that the regulatory authorities concerned with improving banking sector stability in the MENA region should proceed differently, depending on the level of banking market concentration. The findings inform regulators and policymakers to set capital requirements at levels that would restrict banks from taking more risk to increase their returns. They are also important for bank managers who should avoid risky strategies in response to increased regulatory pressure (e.g. increase in the minimum required capital level of 8%), as they may lead to an increase in the level of non-performing loans, and therefore, a greater probability of bank default. A future extension of this study will focus on testing the effect of bank risk-taking and market competition on the capitalization levels of banks in the MENA countries. More specifically, this study will investigates if banks raise their capitalization levels during the COVID-19 pandemic.Originality/valueThe analysis of previous research indicates that there is no unambiguous answer to the question of whether IBs perform differently than CBs under different competitive conditions. To fill this gap, this study examines the influence of capital regulation and market competition (both individually and interactively) on bank risk-taking behavior using a large sample of banking institutions in 18 MENA countries over 14 years (2005–2018). For the first time in this line of research, this study shows that the level of market power is positively associated with the level of a bank’ insolvency risk. In others words, IBs operating in highly competitive markets are more inclined to take a higher risk than their conventional peers. Regarding the IBs credit risk behavior, this study finds that market power has a limited impact on the relationship between CAR and risk level. This means that IBs are still applying in their operations the theoretical models based on the prohibition of interest.

This study investigates the effect of intellectual capital on bank profitability. In addition, we also analyze the effect of intellectual capital on bank profitability based on bank types, conventional and Islamic bank. Our data consist of conventional and Islamic banks operated in Indonesia from 2010 to 2016 annually. Since our data are a panel, we employ panel regression. Intellectual capital is measured by using Value Added Intellectual Capital (VAIC). Our result shows that intellectual capital has a positive significant impact on bank profitability. After data classified based on bank types, intellectual capital only has a positive significant effect on conventional bank profitability. We also attempt to estimate the impact of VAIC components, such as Human Capital Efficiency (HCE), Structural Capital Efficiency (SCE) and Capital Employed Efficiency (CEE), on bank profitability. The results show that the impact of HCE is strongly significant in both banks. However, CEE and SCE do not have a significant effect on both types of bank profitability. Our results indicate that conventional banks synergize their intellectual and physical capital in creating profit better than Islamic banks. Thus, this research could be a critique of the Indonesian Islamic banking industry in determining and overcome their weakness. JEL Classification: G21, G32, G32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v23i2.3028

This study aims to analyze the optimization of maqashid sharia through the implementation of corporate governance and intellectual capital management in Islamic banking in Indonesia for the period 2013-2022. This research uses descriptive quantitative approach with panel data regression method on eight Islamic banks. The independent variable of corporate governance is proxied by sharia supervisory board size, audit committee size, and self-assessment rating, as well as intellectual capital which includes human capital efficiency, structural capital efficiency, relational capital efficiency, and capital employed efficiency. While the dependent variable is maqashid sharia index. The results showed that audit committee size, self-assessment rating, and human capital efficiency had a significant positive effect on the maqashid sharia index. In contrast, sharia supervisory board size and capital employed efficiency have a significant negative effect. Meanwhile, structural capital efficiency and relational capital efficiency show no significant effect. Simultaneously, all variables have a significant effect on the maqashid sharia index. These findings provide important insights for the development and optimization of maqashid sharia in the Islamic banking sector in Indonesia

Intellectual capital efficiency and bank performance: Evidence from islamic banks