Abstract
We examine the question of whether identity is just a ‘label’ or whether it matters in aecting outcomes, such as education, employment or political orientation, using data on Turkish and ex-Yugoslavian second generation immigrants in Austria and Germany. We begin with an empirical investigation of identity formation, with a focus on parental investment in their child’s identity, and use this to understand the impact of the child’s own identity on own outcomes, a generation later. The results suggest that identity does not have a signicant eect on education, employment and political orientation, thus suggesting that a strong ethnic/ religious minority identity does not constrain the second generation or hamper socioeconomic integration.
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