Abstract
Simple SummaryHoof shape is linked to an increased risk of lameness in the horse and has been shown to adapt to different loading patterns associated with the workload and shoeing interval length. This study investigated how different measurements of the hoof wall and the hoof pastern axis angle changed with work in riding school horses, across a four to six week shoeing/trimming interval. The dorsal hoof wall, and weight bearing and coronary band lengths reduced in size post-shoeing/trimming. This, combined with the increase to the inner and outside hoof wall heights on the digital images despite trimming, suggests that shoeing/trimming increased the vertical orientation of the hoof during the shoeing interval investigated. At the same time, increases in the dorsal hoof wall angle, heel angle, and heel height occurred, promoting a more correct dorsopalmar balance. The changes observed are consistent with the workload of the horses studied. The results suggest that a regular farriery interval of no more than six weeks could prevent excess loading of the structures within the hoof, reducing long term injury risks through cumulative, excessive loading in riding school horses.Variation in equine hoof conformation between farriery interventions lacks research, despite associations with distal limb injuries. This study aimed to determine linear and angular hoof variations pre- and post-farriery within a four to six week shoeing/trimming interval. Seventeen hoof and distal limb measurements were drawn from lateral and anterior digital photographs from 26 horses pre- and post-farriery. Most lateral view variables changed significantly. Reductions of the dorsal wall, and weight bearing and coronary band lengths resulted in an increased vertical orientation of the hoof. The increased dorsal hoof wall angle, heel angle, and heel height illustrated this further, improving dorsopalmar alignment. Mediolateral measurements of coronary band and weight bearing lengths reduced, whilst medial and lateral wall lengths from the 2D images increased, indicating an increased vertical hoof alignment. Additionally, dorsopalmar balance improved. However, the results demonstrated that a four to six week interval is sufficient for a palmer shift in the centre of pressure, increasing the loading on acutely inclined heels, altering DIP angulation, and increasing the load on susceptible structures (e.g., DDFT). Mediolateral variable asymmetries suit the lateral hoof landing and unrollment pattern of the foot during landing. The results support regular (four to six week) farriery intervals for the optimal prevention of excess loading of palmar limb structures, reducing long-term injury risks through cumulative, excessive loading.
Highlights
IntroductionResearch has identified that the biomechanical function of the distal limb can alter as a result of changes in the hoof shape
Equine distal limb lameness is commonly associated with poor foot conformation and hoof imbalance [1,2,3,4], with hoof-related lameness being a key cause of poor performance and early retirement in the sport [5,6] and as a pleasure horse [6,7,8]
The term balance is recognised as a consideration of the geometric shape of the hoof, and the way in which this interacts with the rest of the limb and the ground with which it is in contact [15]; this includes dorsopalmar balance, which refers to hoof pastern axis alignment
Summary
Research has identified that the biomechanical function of the distal limb can alter as a result of changes in the hoof shape This influences the forces acting on the hoof’s structural components [9,10], as well as the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) moments [6], the leverage on the toe at breakover, and the forces acting on the navicular bone [2]. The alternation in hoof orientation achieved through the shortening of the toe is suggested to result in improved angulation between the proximal and middle phalanx, elevating the position of the navicular bone and consequentially reducing the loading of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) [11,12] The principles behind this biomechanical influence have been utilised by veterinarians and farriers in the application of heel wedges or rocker shoes for the treatment of conditions such as DDFT tendinopathies and navicular syndrome [13]. The interval length may be influenced by the knowledge, understanding, and potentially financial constraints of horse owners and keepers
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