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Macroeconomic calibrations imply much larger labor supply elasticities than microeconometric studies. One prominent explanation for this divergence is that indivisible labor generates extensive margin responses that are not captured in micro studies of hours choices. We evaluate whether existing calibrations of macro models are consistent with micro evidence on extensive margin responses using two approaches. First, we use a standard calibrated macro model to simulate the impacts of tax policy changes on labor supply. Second, we present a metaanalysis of quasi-experimental estimates of extensive margin elasticities. We find that micro estimates are consistent with macro evidence on the steady-state (Hicksian) elasticities relevant for cross-country comparisons. However, micro estimates of extensive-margin elasticities are an order of magnitude smaller than the values needed to explain business cycle fluctuations in aggregate hours. Hence, indivisible labor supply does not explain the large gap between micro and macro estimates of intertemporal substitution (Frisch) elasticities. Our synthesis of the micro evidence points to Hicksian elasticities of 0.3 on the intensive and 0.25 on the extensive margin and Frisch elasticities of 0.5 on the intensive and 0.25 on the extensive margin.

This study is aim to find out the contribution of intensive margin and extensive margin of Chinese aquatic products export. We construct a measure of the export margin and exploit export data of Chinese firms to analyze it, the result imply that intensive margin affect the export growth significantly, while the role of extensive margin is much important than intensive margin facing external shocks. We also find heterogeneity of markets and firms influence contribution of intensive margin and extensive margin differently: (i) intensive margin plays a positive and steady role in export growth which is imported by developing economies, while external shocks affect intensive margin negatively which is exported to developed economies; (ii) intensive margin and extensive margin of state-owned enterprises negatively impact exports in most years, while the contribution of intensive margin compared with extensive margin more pronounced on both private and foreign firms. However, the impact of external shock on intensive margin of foreign companies is more significantly.

Background: The significance of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it adds to the small but growing body of literature focusing on the decomposition of South Africa’s export growth. Secondly, it identifies the determinants of the intensive and extensive margins of South Africa’s exports – a topic that (as far as the authors are concerned) has not been explored before.Aim: This paper aims to investigate a wide range of market access determinants that affect South Africa’s export growth along the intensive and extensive margins.Setting: Export diversification has been identified as one of the critical pillars of South Africa’s much-hoped-for economic revival. Although recent years have seen the country’s export product mix evolving, there is still insufficient diversification into new markets with high value-added products. This is putting a damper on export performance as a whole and, in turn, hindering South Africa’s economic growth.Methods: A Heckman selection gravity model is applied using highly disaggregated data. The first stage of the process revealed the factors affecting the probability of South Africa exporting to a particular destination (extensive margin). The second stage, which modelled trade flows, revealed the variables that affect export volumes (intensive margin).Results: The results showed that South Africa’s export product mix is relatively varied, but the number of export markets is limited. In terms of the extensive margin (or the probability of exporting), economic variables such as the importing country’s GDP and population have a positive impact on firms’ decision to export. Other factors affecting the extensive margin are distance to the market (negative impact), cultural or language fit (positive impact), presence of a South African embassy abroad (positive impact), existing free trade agreement with Southern African Development Community (positive impact) and trade regulations and costs (negative impact). In terms of the intensive margin (or the factors influencing the volume of exports), there are strong parallels with the extensive margin, with the exception being that the time involved in exporting has more of an impact than documentary requirements.Conclusion: Among the factors contributing to South Africa’s exports having largely developed in the intensive margin are a general lack of market-related information, infrastructural weaknesses (both of a physical and technological nature) and a difficult regulatory environment – all of which add to the cost and time involved in exporting. Policymakers have long spoken about the need for the country to diversify its export basket, but now talk about needs to give way to action. The government and its economic partners need to arrive at a common vision of an export sector that will be able to expand into new products and markets, be an active participant in global value chains and deliver sustainable jobs.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether consumer loyalty mediates between service quality and consumer commitment in the beauty salon industry. It was also to determine whether these relationships difference between beauty salon in shopping centers and beauty salon in community residences. A theoretical framework was developed to test the positive relationships among the study constructs. The study utilized service quality developed by Fullerton and Taylor (2000); Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1994), consumer loyalty developed by Unclesand Laurent (1997); Fullerton and Taylor (2000), and consumer commitment developed by Morgan and Hunt (1994); Fullerton and Taylor (2000). The degree of customer loyalty, commitment, and service quality was measured by using the Likert scale based on 238 valid questionnaire respondents (59,5% from 400 dispersed questionnaires). An analysis of the data revealed two major findings: First; there is a positive relationship between service quality and consumer loyalty, affective commitment, and continuum commitment. Second; consumer loyalty is the mediating variable of the relationship between service quality and consumer commitment both in beauty salons in shopping centers and beauty salons located in community residences. The results of this study have important implications for practicing managers of beauty salons and their understanding of the relationship between service quality, consumer loyalty and consumer commitment. Key words: services quality, loyalty, and commitment.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether consumer loyalty mediates between service quality and consumer commitment in the beauty salon industry. It was also to determine whether these relationships difference between beauty salon in shopping centers and beauty salon in community residences.A theoretical framework was developed to test the positive relationships among the study constructs. The study utilized service quality developed by Fullerton and Taylor (2000); Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1994), consumer loyalty developed by Unclesand Laurent (1997); Fullerton and Taylor (2000), and consumer commitment developed by Morgan and Hunt (1994); Fullerton and Taylor (2000).The degree of customer loyalty, commitment, and service quality was measured by using the Likert scale based on 238 valid questionnaire respondents (59,5% from 400 dispersed questionnaires).An analysis of the data revealed two major findings: First; there is a positive relationship between service quality and consumer loyalty, affective commitment, and continuum commitment. Second; consumer loyalty is the mediating variable of the relationship between service quality and consumer commitment both in beauty salons in shopping centers and beauty salons located in community residences. The results of this study have important implications for practicing managers of beauty salons and their understanding of the relationship between service quality, consumer loyalty and consumer commitment.Key words: services quality, loyalty, and commitment.

This study attempted to explore a beauty salon operation plan by investigating hairdressers’ perception of hygiene in the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzing differences depending on work patterns. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against beauty salon managers from across the country. A total of 311 copies were used for final analysis, and the collected data were analyzed, using SPSS WIN 21.0. To examine subjects’ general characteristics and work patterns, frequency analysis was conducted. To examine hairdressers’ perception of hygiene in the COVID-19 era and analyze differences in such perception by work patterns, cross-tabulation analysis was implemented, and the study results found the followings: There were differences in hairdressers’ perception of hygiene depending on work patterns (e.g., type of beauty salon, No. of employees, work duration per day, number of customers served per day, number of days off, average monthly income) in the COVID-19 pandemic. To cope with current COVID-19 situations which are anticipated to continue, it is required to suggest a proper operation plan according to unusual work patterns in consideration of differences in hygiene awareness instead of responding to them as expected.

Purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of service quality, price, purchase decision,perceived quality, design, and store environment on brand loyalty at Beauty Salon in JakartaTheoretical model that used in this study is the hypothetical testing method, that means toexamine is there the direct effect of service quality, price, purchase decision, perceived quality,design, and store environment on brand loyalty at Beauty Salon in Jakarta using the MultipleRegressions and ANOVA One Way Method.Result of this study states that: (1) There is the positive influence of service quality on brandloyalty; (2) There is the positive influence of price on brand loyalty;(3) There is the positive influence of purchase decision on brand loyalty; (4) There is the positiveinfluence of perceived quality on brand loyalty; (5)There is the positive influence of design onbrand loyalty; (6) There is the positive influence of salon environment on brand loyalty; and(7)There is difference of brand loyalty between mall beauty salon, housing beauty salon, andsettlement beauty salon.Managerial implications of this study is that management must consider many factors that caninfluence service quality, price, purchase decision, perceived quality, design, and salon storeenvironment on brand loyalty at beauty salon in Jakarta in efforts to build and enhance thebrand loyalty.Keywords : Service quality, price, purchase decision, perceived quality ,design, SaloonEnvironment, Brand Loyalty, Beauty Salon.

This study examines the impacts of Japan-Mexico FTA (JMXFTA) on Japanese exports to Mexico. The authors construct a theoretical trade model of heterogeneous firms based on the Melitz-Chaney model, and derive the theoretical relationship of the impacts of tariff changes on extensive and intensive trade margins. Applying this model, the authors estimate the impacts of JMXFTA on product-level extensive and intensive margins of Japan’s exports to Mexico by using the most detailed commodity trade data. The results show that the tariff reduction due to JMXFTA increases the intensive margin while no clear evidence is found regarding the effect on extensive margin. This indicates that in the short-run, the JMXFTA exerted more favorable effect on the existing exporters than on new export market entrants.

The empirical trade literature has long been puzzled by the finding of large and non-decreasing distance coefficients in the gravity equation amid falling transportation costs over time. To shed new light on this puzzle, the recent theoretical literature shifts its focus to the differential effects of distance on the extensive and intensive margins of trade. However, so far there is a lack of corresponding contributions from empirical studies of the gravity equation. This paper provides the first piece of evidence using data for about 150–200 countries between the years 1980 and 2009. The extensive and intensive margins are measured based on bilateral trade data of more than 3,100 product items. It is found that the distance effect on the extensive margin declines, while that on the intensive margin rises over time for most specifications. Therefore, there is little empirical evidence that distinguishing between the extensive and intensive margins of trade solves the distance puzzle.

We estimate the impacts of Korean firms’ participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs) on the extensive and intensive export margins by identifying exporting firms based on their firm size—small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs) at the 5 399 HS six‐digit commodity level—and specifying characteristics of RTAs from 2004 to 2015. We apply the EK Tobit estimation technique to control zero trade and the OLS estimation with importer‐product and time fixed effects to alleviate the endogeneity problem. We find that firm size, product type, and depth of RTA significantly matter. Specifically, we find that deeper RTAs with larger, developing, and closer members significantly enhance the export creation effects of SMEs and LEs. Regarding the firm size‐specific effects, we find that SMEs are less sensitive to exploiting RTA participation but more sensitive to the import market size, bilateral and relative trade costs, and the RTA characteristics. LEs’ export creation is mainly driven by the intensive margin, while SMEs’ export creation is driven by extensive and intensive margins (slightly more by the extensive margin). For the product‐specific effects, we find that Korea's major exportable products such as chemicals, basic metals, motor vehicles, and transport equipment generate significantly strong export creation effects for both LEs and SMEs through their participation in RTAs.

In an unique lab-in-the-field experiment we design a novel labor market environment, the Game of Prejudice, to elicit preferences for discrimination towards the largest minority group in Europe (the Roma) at the intensive margins as well as at the extensive margins. Our unique experiment design allows us to separate taste-based discrimination from statistical discrimination and examine the impacts of raising the costs of discrimination in such situations. We find discrimination to be commonplace at both margins, with stronger incidence at the extensive margin. We also find higher incidence of taste-based discrimination compared to statistical discrimination. Importantly, we find that when the cost of taste-based discrimination is made sufficiently high, such behavior disappears at the intensive and extensive margins, providing support for labor market policies that make discrimination very costly for the employer.

Do tariffs inhibit trade flows by limiting the entry of exporting firms ('extensive margin') or by restricting the average volume exported by each firm ('intensive margin')? Using a gravity equation approach, we analyze how the decrease in tariffs promoted during the 1990s by the Uruguay Round multilateral trade agreement affected the trade margins of French firms across 57 sectors and in 147 countries, from 1993 to 2002. Our main contribution is to estimate the elasticity of trade for both margins, controlling for the unobserved heterogeneity of trade flows thanks to a three-dimensional panel and to time-varying tariffs as a measure of variable trade costs. Our results show that the number of firms exporting in a given sector to a given destination is related to the level of tariffs. But they also show that the decrease in tariffs determined by the implementation of the Uruguay Round did not lead more firms to export and instead, only encouraged incumbent exporters to increase their shipments. We control for two problems that may affect our basic specification: tariff changes may be endogenous and zero flows are not included. Our results are confirmed - even when the extensive margin is significant, its contribution is very small.

The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of the Customs Union (CU) and Free Trade Agreements (FTA) on the extensive and intensive margins. For this purpose, initially, Turkey’s export data set composing HS-6 digit product level statistics for period 1996 to 2011 with 172 countries has been decomposed into extensive and intensive margins by using the decomposition method of export shares developed by Hummels and Klenow (2005). Then, the effects of the CU and FTA on both extensive and intensive margins have been identified with the Gravity model. All analyzes have been performed for the exports of the total goods as well as the exports of the final and intermediate goods. Empirical results for the Gravity model show that the effects of the CU and FTA on the extensive margin are negative while the effects of the CU and FTA on the intensive margin are positive. Furthermore, the effect of the CU on the extensive and intensive margins is greater than that of the FTA.

We develop a heterogeneous-agent general equilibrium model that incorporates both intensive and extensive margins of labor supply. A nonconvexity in the mapping between time devoted to work and labor services distinguishes between extensive and intensive margins. We consider calibrated versions of this model that dier in the value of a key preference parameter for labor supply and the extent of heterogeneity. The model is able to capture the salient features of the empirical distribution of hours worked, including how individuals transit within this distribution. We then study how the various specications inuence labor supply responses to aggregate technology shocks. We nd that abstracting from intensive margin adjustment has large eects on the volatility of aggregate hours even if intensive margin uctuates relatively little.