Do Journalists’ Political Orientations Translate into Partisan News Reporting? The Limits of Bias and the Limits of Counter Mechanisms

Professional and business role orientations among practicing pharmacists

The relative importance of university versus work setting socialization experiences and the combined effects of these experiences on professional role orientation is assessed via path analysis for a sample of 1580 engineering and science graduates of a large midwestern university. As hypothesized, the following experiences positively effect professional role orientation: science training; attainment of the Ph.D.; autonomy as a graduate student; knowledge of faculty who endorse the scientific ethos; assignment to an R&D function and exercise of high levels of technical responsibility in initial and current jobs. In general, professional orientation results less from work setting influences than from graudate school training. One exception is that respondents who exercise high levels of technical responsibility in 1965 show a stronger professional orientation than their less successful colleagues.

This study seeks to contribute to the systematic explanation of journalists’ professional role orientations. Focusing on three aspects of journalistic interventionism—the importance of setting the political agenda, influencing public opinion, and advocating for social change—multilevel analyses found substantive variation in interventionism at the individual level of the journalist, the level of the media organizations, and the societal level. Based on interviews with 2100 journalists from 21 countries, findings affirm theories regarding a hierarchy of influences in news work. We found journalists to be more willing to intervene in society when they work in public media organizations and in countries with restricted political freedom. An important conclusion of our analysis is that journalists’ professional role orientations are also rooted within perceptions of cultural and social values. Journalists were more likely to embrace an interventionist role when they were more strongly motivated by the value types of power, achievement, and tradition.

Technological changes in the manufacture of drugs have caused community pharmacists to lose control over the use of their specialized knowledge. The study described here sought to examine the consequences of these structural changes for pharmacists' perceptions of their skill utilization, job influence and job satisfaction. It was predicted that the job satisfaction‐job attribute relationship for pharmacists would be moderated by their professional orientation—the degree to which they wanted to use their specialized skills and have influence over drug distribution. This prediction was tested with a sample of 396 South Australian pharmacists using hierarchical multiple regression. It was found that community, but not hospital, pharmacists had significantly lower levels of skill utilization and job satisfaction than that found for other professional occupations. Professional role orientation was not a significant moderator of the relationship between skill utilization, job influence and job satisfaction. Skill utilization was the major predictor of job satisfaction and accounted for up to 32 per cent of unique variance in job satisfaction.

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how confirmatory factor analysis can be used to extend and clarify a researcher's insight into a survey instrument beyond that afforded through the typical exploratory factor analytic approach. The authors use as an example a survey instrument developed to measure individual differences in professional role orientation among physical therapists, the Professional Role Orientation Inventory for Physical Therapists (PROI-PT). Five hundred three physical therapists responded to a mail survey instrument that was sent to a random sample of 2,000 American Physical Therapy Association members. An adapted version of the Professional Role Orientation Inventory, a 40-item Likert-scale instrument developed to assess professional role orientation on 4 dimensions (authority, responsibility, agency, and autonomy), was used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factorial validity of the PROI-PT. Exploratory factor analysis served as a starting point for examining the factor structure of the instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis then was used to test the hypothesized factor structure and to suggest refinements to the PROI-PT that would improve a psychometric property (internal consistency). Although further refinement of the PROI-PT is needed, an instrument that yields valid and reliable measurements of individual differences in professionalism among physical therapists could further our understanding of the psychosocial aspects of physical therapist practice. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses can be used by researchers who study various psychosocial constructs in physical therapy.

This paper examines the development of professional role orientations. The theoretical foundation of this study is Gouldner's (1957, 1958) research of the cosmopolitan-local construct. The focus is on the relationship between the five dimensions of the cosmopolitan-local construct and professional behaviors. Examination of the relationship of professional role orientations and professional behaviors involves the use of cross-lagged correlations of the role-orientation scales with professional behavior variables using data collected in a university at two points in time. The results indicate that the relationships with significant values show professional behaviors influencing professional role orientations over time.

This paper reports a study carried out amongst Brisbane secondary school teachers in 1972. In this study it was found that there was no relationship between teachers' scores on a measure of professional role orientation and their attitudes about students and a number of classroom activities. These attitudes were selected on the basis of research which had shown them to be important for teacher effectiveness. It is suggested that the importance of professionalism to teaching should be re-examined. Further research is urgently needed to ascertain what improvements professionalization might bring to teaching.

Media, as an effective ideological apparatus, bind society to sovereign power by will rather than pressure. Newspapers play an important role as part of the media in shaping the provision of consent. The purpose of this study is to explore the question of whether ideology has an effect on the news content in newspapers; specifically of Syria news in two ideologically opposed Turkish newspapers, Sabah and Cumhuriyet. According to interpretation of the data, both newspapers are ideologically biased in covering Syria news. Syria news is almost equal in terms of numbers however not equal in sizes. In positioning the news Cumhuriyet covers respectable number of related news on the first page, which shows that there is a great emphasis on the issue in its agenda. On the other hand Sabah does not seem to put much emphasis on the subject. In content analysis of the news Cumhuriyet has an even distribution according to subjects unlike Sabah, which handles the issue as foreign news. In news selection factors; Cumhuriyet covered more intensity impact news, more unexpected news, more familiar, continuing news and worse event containing news according to Sabah. Cumhuriyet and Sabah covered all its news compatible with their newspaper’s composition and balance. News coverage is almost same regarding the reference factor in news from elite nations, people or institutions. In conclusion, both newspapers have ideological bias according to their news content which is effective on shaping the public perception.

Mining the natural language text of news content has great potential for academic researchers seeking to understand and visualize patterns and relationships buried within everyday news coverage and content. Mining news can help researchers across many disciplines understand the impact of news, biases in news coverage, and language usage. It can also help them detect unknown patterns in news coverage. However, researchers must understand the challenges of using news text for text-mining-based research. Many challenges are inherent in the news form, including the complexity of the news environment; changing patterns of news consumption and distribution; growing use of social media; and the use of visual and audio information. Additional challenges relate to determining if the news content is available in a digital format, access and license restriction on use of the news text, and how complete and completely searchable the news text really is. This chapter explores these challenges and the impact they may have on how researchers gain access to news text, and methodologies used.

This article examines the effects on social action of the client, bureaucratic, and professional role orientations of social workers. A national survey was conducted of 682 social workers who were members of the National Association of Social Workers. Systematic sampling was used and the questionnaire was self-administered. A bureaucratic orientation is not supportive of activism; a client orientation encourages activism; and a professional orientation-taken alone-is neither conservatizing nor reinforcing of activism. However, an orientation to the profession when coupled with a client orientation intensifies the activist effects of a client orientation for practice groups within social work. Possible explanations for these findings are presented.

Two samples of Slovak women in higher education were surveyed in order to determine the extent to which organizational commitment and life satisfaction are related to personal and work-related attributes. Organizational commitment was found to be related to the work-related attributes of role conflict and role ambiguity. These work-related attributes were not correlated with life satisfaction. A positive relationship was found between Professional Role Orientation and life satisfaction in one of the samples surveyed. Organizational Role Orientation did not correlate significantly with either organizational commitment or life satisfaction. The personal attribute of locus of control did not correlate with life satisfaction but there was a significant correlation between locus of control and organizational commitment in the 1996 Slovak sample. Results are discussed in comparison to findings from similar surveys of U.S. women in higher education and with respect to changes in higher education in post-communist Central and Eastern European countries.

Although the employment of professionals in organizational settings is a global phenomenon, most of the country-specific and cross-cultural studies on professionals' role orientations and behavior have been done in the industrialized Western hemisphere. Data obtained from professional accountants (N = 245) in Singapore were used to replicate the work of Aranya and his associates on the determinants of organizational commitment and turnover intentions among professional accountants. Multiple regression analyses were performed for the entire sample and then for professional and nonprofessional employment settings. In general, the findings here provide support for the congruity thesis and for Tuma and Grimes' (1981) psychological and organizational mechanisms of professional role orientations; they also support the withdrawal model of turnover intentions.

This article examines the sexist work experiences of a sample of women lawyers in a mediumsized midwestern city. Specifically, it focuses on reports of discrimination, gender disparagement, and sexual harassment as components of gendered systems that maintain and reinforce inequalities between men and women on the job. The relationships between these experiences, professional role orientation (feminist versus careerist) and structural work characteristics (types of workplace and deegree of tokenism) are explored. Respondents report lower levels of discrimination at the more visible and legally protected “front door” (in recruitment and hiring) than on the job (in salary, promotion, and job assignments). For the most part, private (versus public) sector employees and those in token positions report higher levels of sexist behavior. Contrary to expectations, those with careerist orientations (versus feminist orientations) report more sexual harassment. The interrelations and implications of these findings for women's careers in the law are discussed.

This research, via secondary data analysis, examines the effects of type of seminary attended (Carroll, 1971) or nonseminary graduation on professional role preferences of persons who served as pastors of the Alabama-West Florida Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church during the 1960-1970 period. It is found that graduate school seminaries produced pastors more change-oriented than other types of seminaries, while the religious community produced persons more oriented toward the local parish and the vocational school graduates occupied an intermediate position between those two. Nongraduates are found to be strikingly similar to religious community graduates. It is concluded that type of seminary education impacts not only later theological position (Carroll, 1971) but also has an enduring effect on role preferences. Indications of other enduring effects are explored.

Although urban planners in Third World countries enjoy relatively high levels of power and autonomy, little is known about their values, attitudes, and professional role orientations. The findings ...