Abstract
DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial DNA COI gene is very useful in identifying of Indonesian hornbill. We sequenced the DNA barcode of seven hornbill species using the mitochondrial DNA COI gene to explore their genetic variation, identity, distance, and phylogenetic. Thirty-one blood samples from seven hornbill species were isolated and analyzed. Slight variation was observed within the nucleotide of the hornbill species. In contrary, fairly significant difference was shown within the genus and family level. COI gene sequences generated from this study, showed unmatched result with BoLD System database. These seven Indonesian hornbill species were then divided into two groups, namely Group I consisting of Aceros cassidix, Rhyticeros plicatus, R. undulatus, Buceros rhinoceros, and B. bicornis, while Group II occupied by Anthracoceros albirostris and A. malayanus; both groups with genetic distance 5.90%. Overall in-group had 9.40% distances to the hornbill used as the out group. COI sequence gene from these seven hornbill species are novel for identifying Indonesian hornbills. We encourage its use as quick species identification, applied to prevent illegal poaching conservation management.
Highlights
Hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae) are group of large birds, with dominant body color of black and white; some species have casque on their beak, and dieting mostly on fruits and insects (Poonswad et al 1998; MacKinnon et al 2010; Poonswad et al 2013; Eaton et al 2016)
These seven Indonesian hornbill species were divided into two groups, namely Group I consisting of Aceros cassidix, Rhyticeros plicatus, R. undulatus, Buceros rhinoceros, and B. bicornis, while Group II occupied by Anthracoceros albirostris and A. malayanus; both groups with genetic distance 5.90%
Blood sample were collected from 31 individuals of seven hornbill species, which separatedly reared in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Jakarta, Taman Safari Indonesia (TSI) Cisarua Bogor, and Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) Jakarta (Table 1)
Summary
Hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae) are group of large birds, with dominant body color of black and white; some species have casque on their beak, and dieting mostly on fruits and insects (Poonswad et al 1998; MacKinnon et al 2010; Poonswad et al 2013; Eaton et al 2016) They play an important role as seed dispersers in the forest (Kinnaird 1998; Kitamura et al 2008; Balasubramanian et al 2011). Mitochondrial DNA, Vol 25 No 4, October 2018 with no recombination and high mutation rate during its maternal inheritance and much higher than that of the nuclear DNA, fulfills most requirements as molecular marker at the inter species level of vertebrate (Brown et al 1982; Avise 1994). There is no COI gene for Indonesian hornbills available and this study provides the first batch of DNA barcodes for some Indonesian hornbill species
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