DJ Minimalism, Black Market Sounds, the House Revolution: Sounding Histories of Cold War Exchange

In Finnish popular music, the adoption of electronic musical instruments, such as synthesizers, drum machines, sequencers, samplers, computers and musical software progressed slowly and was a complicated process until the early 1990s. Compared with Swedish, German and British pop and rock the electronic instruments remained longer in the margins of rock and pop rock. Regardless of the breakthrough of synths and drum machines in certain styles, such as progressive rock, funk and disco, synth pop and hip hop, the majority of Finnish bands and artists shunned synthesizers until the mid-1980s. Only after the waves of hip hop, house, techno and euro dance in the late 1980s and early 1990s, synthesizers were widely accepted as ‘normal’ and equal rock instruments.
 In this article, I focus on the adoption of music technology among Finnish rock and pop musicians of the 1970s and 1980s. I have interviewed three electronic musicians from three different generations. Esa Kotilainen (b. 1946), Pekka Tolonen (b.1957) and Tommi Lindell (b.1966) have all witnessed several turns in the emergence of electronic musical instruments. They have also experienced various changes in lieu the accessibility and acceptability of synthesizers. In Finland, they are known as the early adopters and intensive users of the musical electronics.
 In the first section of the article I ask, when and how electronic musical instruments became more popular in Finland and how they were adopted and used in progressive rock, new wave, synth pop, goth rock and mainstream pop. I also frame an overview on the adoption of synthesizers in Finnish pop and rock. The section also parallels the developments with Finnish schlager and disco, where synthesizers were intensively used by a handful of composers and producers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In this section, I primarily utilized published interviews and magazine articles supplemented with a small selection of musical release reviews and synthesizer advertisements.
 The next three sections follow my observations and conclusions which primarily stem from the interviews with three above-mentioned musicians. I also utilize some additional interviews with other musicians. I inquired how the interviewees encountered electronic instruments, how they have used their instruments and how the early adoption of synthesizers has contributed to their understanding of sound and music. Furthermore, we discussed on the impact of the electronic instruments on their musicianship, career and the regeneration of their professional image. Regarding the ‘synthesizer turns’ in the history of Finnish pop and rock I invited the interviewees to recall the response displayed by their fellow musicians, producers and the audience.
 In the concluding section, I sum up my observations. One of them is that in Finland electronic musical instruments seem to gain in popularity in jumps which coincide not only with international pop trends but also with some major technological developments and the waves of marketing. This is not unexpected by any means, but it makes an interesting case in Finland. While the more advanced and more affordable synthesizers of the period 1980–83 marked the final breakthrough of electronic instruments in Western pop and rock, in Finland only a couple of tens of musicians adopted synthesizers as their primary instruments. Furthermore, in Finland only a handful of fully or almost fully electronic bands emerged in the early 1980s. All of them remained short-lived. Only some of the most popular teeny pop bands of the early and mid-1980s adopted synthesizers as their main keyboards.
 The accelerated marketing cycles of synthesizers provoked suspicion among some Finnish musicians; synthesizers could be left aside as novelty gimmicks and earmarks of a momentary trend. One reason for denouncing the ‘synths’ in the 1980s mainstream rock may have been the developing ‘Suomi-rock’ (Finnish rock), a down-to-earth, nationally and locally rooted style which got a heavy dose of influence from Finnish folk and the long tradition of Finnish schlager. One extra reason for a rocker in keeping off synthesizers was the extensive use of electronic musical instruments in Finnish light pop and schlager in the early 1980s. However, in the late 1980s it became audible that synthesizers had survived and welcomed in the margins of rock, pop and especially within the emerging new styles of electronic dance music.

A content analysis of 490 Father's Day and Mother's Day comic strips published from 1940 to 1999 indicates that the culture of fatherhood has fluctuated since World War II. “Incompetent” fathers appeared frequently in the late 1940s, early 1950s, and late 1960s but were rarer in the late 1950s, early and late 1970s, early 1980s, and early 1990s. Fathers who were mocked were especially common in the early and late 1960s and early 1980s but were less common in the late 1940s, early and late 1950s, and early and late 1970s. Fathers who were nurturant and supportive toward children were most evident in the late 1940s, early 1950s, and early and late 1990s, with the longitudinal pattern resembling a U‐shaped curve. Differences between fathers and mothers also oscillated from one decade to the next.

A Digital History of Anglophone Demography and Global Population Control, 1915–1984

Little is known of Henry (Harry) Macdonald Kyle and his scientific contributions even within some fisheries research circles. A graduate of St Andrews University and a protégé of William Carmichael McIntosh, in 1903 – the year after its inception – he was appointed as Biological Secretary to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), based in Copenhagen. An expert on flatfishes (notably Plaice), he worked with Walter Garstang at Plymouth but latterly, in extensive collaboration with Ernst Ehrenbaum at Hamburg, he produced definitive works analysing the fishery statistics of European fisheries addressing, in particular, the issue of overfishing. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, however, he became alienated from his wife and children, even in correspondence referring to himself as an outcast (though later he was reconciled to at least one of his sisters). Little is known of the final decades of his life, apart from the fact that he died in his native Scotland. An accomplished linguist, he translated the works of many of his Danish and German colleagues into English. He published his magnum opus on the fisheries of Great Britain and Ireland in German. His earlier book, The biology of fishes, while published in English, was dedicated to his German friend Ehrenbaum. For whatever reasons he found life in Germany more conducive to his work and, in some recent literature, he has even been assumed to have been German.

We examined whether education-related inequalities were associated with the occurrence of low birthweight in 6 counties in southern China in the early and late 1990s. The study population consisted of 111,181 women (65,669 in the early 1990s and 45,482 in the late 1990s) in a population-based Perinatal Health Care Surveillance System. We used the chi(2) test, logistic regression, and concentration index for our analyses. From the early to late 1990s, the mean maternal education level increased significantly, and the percentage of low-birthweight births declined among all groups, for both male and female births, and at all levels of the mother's education. Relative to those with less than 9 years of formal education, there was a decreasing risk of low birthweight among those with 9 to 11 years of formal education (range in adjusted odds ratio=0.69-0.82) and with 12 or more years of formal education (range in adjusted odds ratio=0.51-0.74). Between the early and late 1990s, the concentration index changed from -0.0778 to -0.0656 for male births and from -0.0717 to -0.0813 for female births. Education-related inequalities associated with low birthweight persisted from the early to the late 1990s in surveyed areas.

In modern economic conditions, it is advisable to study the issues related to the evolvement and development of the scientific and technical process in the late 1990s – early 2000s, which made it possible to carry out effective modernization in the industry of the USSR, to reduce the decline in the country’s industrial potential in the early 1990s, as well as to move to new breakthrough discoveries in the field of industry, taking into account the use of robotics and artificial intelligence at manufacturing site. In many ways, political institutions, various departments and ministries are responsible for carrying out this work, through the activities of which the country’s state policy is implemented. That is why it is important to analyze not only the industrial development of the state or large industries, but the regional authorities as well. The purpose of the study is to study the creation and activities carried out by the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Transport of the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s as one of the central management bodies of Chuvashia’s industry. Materials and methods. The methodological base of the article includes general scientific and special historical methods and approaches. The main materials for writing the article were archival funds identified in the State Archive of Modern History of the Chuvash Republic, some of the documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Research results. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, during the “perestroika”, which resulted in the collapse of the Soviet Union and formation of independent states, there was a change in the political course of the USSR. With this background, large-scale changes in the state structure were observed at all levels of government in the newly formed Russian Federation. When acquiring a new status, the Chuvash Republic, as well as many other regions of the country, carried out reforms of state administration bodies. In particular, in 1992, the Ministry of Industry of the Chuvash SSR was established in the system of the state apparatus of Chuvashia, which managed 83 enterprises related to mechanical engineering and metalworking, consumer goods industry, chemical, forestry and woodworking industries, in addition, design and other organizations. In December 1993 Chuvashia became a presidential republic, which led to a series of modernizations in its administrative structures of power. In 1994, the above-mentioned ministry was transformed into the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Transport of the Chuvash Republic. The direct powers of the new structure were also expanded – it carried out state regulation and coordination of the activities carried out by industrial associations, enterprises and organizations of the republic, formed the state industrial policy, carried out forecasting and analysis of the activities of industrial enterprises. Conclusions. The analysis made it possible to determine the main stages in the development and activity carried out by the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Transport of the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s, which is one of the central management bodies of industry in Chuvashia. The sources made it possible to trace and evaluate the powers and tasks facing the Ministry, taking into account the difficulties of the economic reforms of the 1990s and the expansion of ownership of industrial facilities. Despite the acute crisis in the socio-economic sphere during the period under study, the industry of Chuvashia in the late 1990s – early 2000s managed to overcome the decline and crisis phenomena, which resulted in continuing its progressive development, which was largely due to a competent management policy implemented by public authorities.

The Growing Clinical Impact of Gene Therapy

Identifying predictability and the corresponding sources for the western North Pacific (WNP) summer climate in the case of non-stationary teleconnections during recent decades benefits for further improvements of long-range prediction on the WNP and East Asian summers. In the past few decades, pronounced increases on the summer sea surface temperature (SST) and associated interannual variability are observed over the tropical Indian Ocean and eastern Pacific around the late 1970s and over the Maritime Continent and western–central Pacific around the early 1990s. These increases are associated with significant enhancements of the interannual variability for the lower-tropospheric wind over the WNP. In this study, we further assess interdecadal changes on the seasonal prediction of the WNP summer anomalies, using May-start retrospective forecasts from the ENSEMBLES multi-model project in the period 1960–2005. It is found that prediction of the WNP summer anomalies exhibits an interdecadal shift with higher prediction skills since the late 1970s, particularly after the early 1990s. Improvements of the prediction skills for SSTs after the late 1970s are mainly found around tropical Indian Ocean and the WNP. The better prediction of the WNP after the late 1970s may arise mainly from the improvement of the SST prediction around the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. The close teleconnections between the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and WNP summer variability work both in the model predictions and observations. After the early 1990s, on the other hand, the improvements are detected mainly around the South China Sea and Philippines for the lower-tropospheric zonal wind and precipitation anomalies, associating with a better description of the SST anomalies around the Maritime Continent. A dipole SST pattern over the Maritime Continent and the central equatorial Pacific Ocean is closely related to the WNP summer anomalies after the early 1990s. This teleconnection mode is quite predictable, which is realistically reproduced by the models, presenting more predictable signals to the WNP summer climate after the early 1990s.

Milton Friedman and the Road to Monetarism: A Review Essay

This research fills a critical gap in previous studies by examining Norway from new and innovative perspectives. First, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of technological innovations (TI) and political globalization (PG) on renewable energy intensity (REI) using updated data spanning from 1980Q1 to 2022Q4. Second, it uniquely incorporates financial institutions (FIS) and financial markets (FM) as key variables, which have been largely overlooked in earlier studies. Third, the study utilizes advanced wavelet tools, offering methodological improvements that ensure robust empirical estimates and policy relevance across different time periods. Finally, it introduces the novel application of wavelet Granger causality in this context, providing fresh insights into the dynamic relationships shaping REI. The results of the wavelet coherence show that FM and REI exhibited positive coherence in the late 1990s and early 2010s, while PG showed negative coherence in the 2000s. In addition, TI consistently displayed positive coherence, with partial and multiple wavelet coherence results highlighting the combined influence of FIS, FM, and TI in shaping REI over time. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in Norway, enabling them to implement informed policy adjustments aimed at increasing renewable energy intensity.

The Central Yangtze ecoregion in China includes a number of lakes, but these have been greatly affected by human activities over the past several decades, resulting in severe loss of biodiversity. In this paper, we document the present distribution of the major lakes and the changes in size that have taken place over the past 50 years, using remote sensing data and historical observations of land cover in the region. We also provide an overview of the changes in species richness, community composition, population size and age structure, and individual body size of aquatic plants, fishes, and waterfowl in these lakes. The overall species richness of aquatic plants found in eight major lakes has decreased substantially during the study period. Community composition has also been greatly altered, as have population size and age and individual body size in some species. These changes are largely attributed to the integrated effects of lake degradation, the construction of large hydroelectric dams, the establishment of nature reserves, and lake restoration practices.

Closing the gap between internal medicine training and practice: Recommendations from recent graduates

Science and Really Existing Socialism in Maoist China

Editor's Note

The purpose of the work is to analyse the features of electronic dance music (EDM) in the cultural space of Ukraine in the late 2000s and early 2010s based on the study of online publications on electronic dance music, review the most important events in EDM culture and provide an interpretation of the most relevant musical trends over the past two decades. The research methodology includes descriptive and interpretive approaches, statistical analysis, synthesis and generalization of the collected information to complete the scientific understanding of the electronic dance music existence in Ukrainian culture. The scientific novelty. The festivals of electronic dance music in Ukraine in the late 2000s – early 2010s were studied for the first time; the study describes the features and genre diversity of electronic dance music and the most popular trends of techno and house music. Conclusions. The study has demonstrated that electronic dance music in Ukraine was the most popular in the late 2000s – early 2010s, when it was played not only in dance clubs, but also at festivals. The following EDM festivals in Ukraine have been analysed: “KaZantip republic” (1997-2013), “Ideologia” (2003–2013), “Ultrasonic” (2011–2014), “The Hamselyt” (2012–2019). The organizers of these festivals declared oppositional ideology, but only the last mentioned festival can be fully considered as a part of the Ukrainian cultural space, while the others were more focused on the Russian or international worldview. It has been revealed that the number of visitors of EDM festivals in Ukraine is higher than the comparable figure for classical music festivals but less than the comparable figure for pop-rock events. EDM festivals were popular thanks to the presence of well-known DJs from European countries. The study shows a decline in the activity of EDM festival life after 2014, but at the same time – the creative search in experimental areas of electronic music has intensified.