Diversity of The Insect Visitors Species on Lily-Leaf Acriopsis Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Koenig) Ormerod in Ayunan Langit, Kalurahan Purwosari, Girimulyo, Kulon Progo

Background of the study: The spread of COVID-19 has an impact on libraries so that services are adjusted. Purposes: This paper aims to share library service activities at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Agriculture during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper describes the state of the library since its closure in March 2020. In addition, this paper provides details on how libraries adapt to online services. Method: This paper describes the various library services at Gadjah Mada University at the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, Faculty of Biology and Faculties Agriculture during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study research. Data collection was carried out through interviews with 8 librarians and from web pages and social media from four libraries. Findings: Four faculty libraries at UGM have undergone online service transformation and implemented the COVID-19 health protocol. Libraries in the faculty of Political Science and Faculty of Psychology serve online. while libraries in the faculty of biology and faculty of agriculture have physically opened services Conclusion: Libraries have undergone a transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic by relying on online services and implementing health protocol.

Relationship Between Arrival Frequency of Erionota thrax to the Banana’s Flower and Disease Incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in Wet Rice Field, Dry Field and House Yard. This research was conducted in the Sub District of Samigaluh, Kulon Progo and Laboratory of Bacteriology, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta December 2002 to June 2003. The aim of this research was to investigate relationship between arrival frequency of Erionota thrax to the banana’s flower and disease incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in the three diffrent land uses (wet rice field, dry field and house yard). A survey method was done in this research. Stratified purpossive sampling was performed to collect the data. Strata used were wet rice field, dry field and house yard. Observation of the arrival frequency of E. thrax was done to the flowering banana. Data that collected in this study were disease incidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt and arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower. The data was analized with Correlation test using SPSS 11.5 for windows with 5% of significant level. The results showed that the arrival frequency of imago E. thrax to the banana’s flower per one flowering seasons (5 days) were 17.65 imago (wet rice field), 15,65 imago (dry field) and 11 imago (house yard). Meanwhile, the disease insidence of Banana Bacterial wilt in the three different land uses were 5.41% (wet rice field), 3.81% (dry field) and 7.10% (house yard). Correlation analysis showed that there was no relationship between arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower and the disease insidence of Banana Bacterial Wilt in the three different land uses. Its means that the arrival frequency of E. thrax to the banana’s flower did not influence the disease incidence of banana bacterial wilt in those areas.

Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat Tahun 2018 telah dilaksanakan di Desa Soropati, Hargotirto, Kokap, Kulon Progo. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk memberikan sosialisasi dalam pemeliharaan dan pembentukan kelompok kelinci dengan melibatkan civitas akademika Program Studi Diploma Kesehatan Hewan, Departemen Teknologi Hayati dan Veteriner, Sekolah Vokasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada dengan Puskeswan Kokap sehingga dapat terjalin komunikasi yang baik antara akademisi, petugas, dan masyarakat peternak. Kegiatan dilaksanakan dengan memberikan transfer informasi dan pelatihan mengenai manajemen pemeliharaan kelinci yang meliputi jenis-jenis kelinci, manajemen perkandangan, pakan, dan breeding. Pelaksanaan dilakukan dengan pemberian materi dan diskusi secara interaktif dilanjutkan studi banding ke peternak kelinci yang telah sukses, penyuluhan serta pembinaan. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah telah terbentuk Kelompok Tani Mantep Makaryo yang bergerak dibidang pemeliharaan dan pembudidayaan kelinci. Pembinaan terhadap peternak yang berkelanjutan perlu dilaksanakan guna meningkatkan manajemen kesehatan dan pengembangan peternakan kelinci

Passiflora spp. or passion fruit is a tropical plant that is often used as a food source. The large morphological variations of Passiflora cause difficulties in identifying the species. The objectives of the study are to identify the specific morphological and anatomical characters of Passiflora spp. in Yogyakarta and to determine their phenetic relationship for identification. A total of 15 samples of Passiflora were taken by purposive sampling technique from Bantul, Sleman, Kulon Progo, and Yogyakarta City, and then carried through the morphological and anatomical characterization. The morphological characters observed stems, leaves, and flowers, while the anatomical characters observed leaves. The results show that the observed samples are identified as four species, P. foetida, P. vitifolia, P. edulis, and P. quadrangularis. The P. edulis species consists of two forms, P. edulis f. flavicarpa and P. edulis f. edulis. The variation of morphological character lie in young stem shape, leaf shape, the texture of stem and leaf surface, bract shape and color, sepal and petal color, and the presence of a purple corona ring. While the variation of anatomical characters lie in the pattern of the vascular bundles, the shape of the upper and lower sides of the leaf veins, the shape and size of the palisade cells, as well as the type and density of stomata. Based on the phenetic analysis on the 0.8 phenon line, four main clusters were formed, P. foetida, P. vitifolia, P. edulis, and P. quadrangularis.

Abstract. Aminatun T, Budiwati, Rahmawati YF, Widiyanti DN, Fahdah LA. 2023. The effects of flowering trap crops on diversity and longevity of pollinator insect visitation on chili plants. Biodiversitas 24: 887-893. Red chili (Capsicum annuum) is a significant agricultural commodity with flowerage and fruit quality affected by pollinator insect visitation. However, research on the effect of flowering trap crops on the diversity and visitation of pollinator insects in chili has never been investigated. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze the effect of flowering trap crops on the visitation of pollinator insects on chili plants. The research was conducted at the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University in Banguntapan, Bantul. The independent variable was the trap crops: marigold (with repellent odor) and sunflower (without repellent odor). Each treatment consisted of 5 replicate plots, with an area of 4 m2 per plot and random plot placement. The observations of pollinator insects were carried out for seven days during the blossoming period, including diversity, number of insect visits, and longevity. Different tests were carried out using ANOVA to determine whether there were differences between the treatments. The results showed that the trap crop treatment of marigolds had a higher diversity index and evenness index of pollinator insects visiting chili plants than the other treatments. The longevity of pollinator insects on control chili plants showed a higher result than chili plants treated with flowering trap crops, although it was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, the use of trap crops (marigold, Tagetes erecta) significantly resulted in the best chili products. This means that trap cropping with marigolds which, based on the results of previous studies, was effective in controlling insect pest populations, does not inhibit the visit of pollinator insects on chili flowers. In the future, marigold has the potential to become an effective trap crop to increase the productivity of chili plants.

An experiment to study the two different morphological characters of four clones of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) panicles containing more than 50 percent of uninucleate microspore development was conducted in Tissue Culture Laboratory at Biology Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, since March until May 2006. Morphological characters of both kinds of panicles i.e. unsheated- and sheated flowers from sheat flag leaf were observed. Mean, percentage, and standard deviation from the mean value of the six different stages of microspore development e.g. tetrad, early- and late-uninucleate, early- and late-binucleate, and multinucleate or pollen grains were statistically used in this calculation. All data percentages were analyzed by variance analysis through General Linier Model Procedure, and comparisons between means of the uninucleate microspore development based on the two different morphological characters of four clones was calculated by Least Significance Difference method. Comparisons between the two different panicles characteristics in accordance with the proportion of the uninucleate microspore development, however, were analyzed by T-student procedure. All calculations were done by using SAS program of computer statistics package. Result of the research showed that: (1) the unsheated panicles were contained less than 50 percent of uninucleate (early- and late-uninucleate) microspore development; (2) the sheated panicles tend to be in high proportion of early- and late-uninucleate microspore development, and multinucleate or pollen grains, and (3) the more away of spikelets or anthers positioned in the panicle or sub-panicle, the more number or percentage of uninucleate microspores development were tend to be gradually decreased.

<p class="Abstract">Melon <span lang="IN">has high
 demand</span>, but most of the Indonesian farmers <span lang="IN">planted
 import seeds of melon</span> which has expensive price. Hence, Indonesia should produce high-quality melon seeds. This
 research used three melon cultivars (<i>Cucumis melo </i>L.): ‘Tacapa Green
 Black<span lang="IN"> (GB)</span>’, ‘Melona’, and ‘Meloni’ which are the
 result of breeding in Genetic and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah
 Mada University. The purpose of this study is to describe<span lang="IN"> fruit</span> morphological characters of these melon
 cultivar<span lang="IN">s</span>. ‘Tacapa <span lang="IN">GB’</span> is breeding result of Testcross<i> </i>♀ <span lang="IN">‘</span>Act3 434<span lang="IN">’</span> X F1 <span lang="IN">‘</span>PI 371795<span lang="IN">’</span>, ‘Melona’
 is segregation<span lang="IN"> from ‘Luna’</span> and ‘Meloni’ is
 breeding result of ♀ ‘SL-3’ X ♂ ‘PI 371795’. Seeds of ‘Tacapa <span lang="IN">GB’</span>, ‘Melona’
 and ‘Meloni’ was planted. <span lang="IN">While
 harvest</span>, these
 melons w<span lang="IN">ere</span> measured, observed, and documented to obtain the quantity and
 quality <span lang="IN">of fruit </span>characters. Data were analyzed and compared each other. The
 results showed ‘Tacapa <span lang="IN">GB’</span> has weight average of 3<span lang="IN">.</span>2 kg, brix of 7–9, fruit shape's is oval, fruit color is
 yellow-green, and rind color is dark green. ‘Melona' has weight average of 0<span lang="IN">.</span>8 kg, brix of 7–15, fruit color is orange, having lobes,
 and sweet. ‘Meloni' has an oval shape, fruit color is pale yellow, the weight
 of 1<span lang="IN">.</span>1 kg, brix of 8–16 and fragrant.<o:p></o:p></p>

Abstract. Tolangara A, Corebima AD, Mas'ud A, Sundari. 2020. Short Communication: Genetic diversity of lemon (Citrus spp.) from Ternate Island (Indonesia) based on morphological and molecular characters. Biodiversitas 21: 1908-1913. One effort to build the image of Indonesian lemon can be by utilizing local genetic resources of Citrus spp. One of the growth centra lemon regions in North Maluku is Ternate Island. In Ternate island, cui (C. macrocarpa) is dominantly cultivated besides that there are Suanggi (C. histryx), nipis (C. aurantiifolia), and lemon (C sinensis). The genetic diversity of these local lemons in North Maluku, especially in Ternate, has not been scientifically reported. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of local lemons found on the island of Ternate based on morphological character and RAPD molecular analyses. A total of 12 accessions of local lemons in Ternate island to studied for morphological and molecular characters. Observation of morphological and morphometric characters of the lemons on 117 characters of vegetative and generative organs in lemons. Observation of molecular characters using three primers, i.e.: OPA1, OPA 2, and OPA 3 in the RAPD technique. The morphological character and molecular character using UPGMA analysis showed similar results. Ternate Island has moderate diversity of lemon species (75% based on morphological characters and 73% based on RAPD markers). Cluster analysis indicates that cui (C. macrocarpa) has the most distinctive autapomorphic character compared to the other local lemon varieties. Nipis (C.auratiifolia) and Suanggi (C. hystrix) shared 75% synapomorphic character similarity. This genetic diversity information provides a novel insight into the lemon commodity breeding programs which can be encouraged through the selection of superior local lemons based on morphological and molecular markers.

Abstrak Cuaca ekstrem di Indonesia menyebabkan terjadinya fenomena krisis air di beberapa daerah, salah satunya Gunungkidul. Daerah Tangkapan Air (DTA) Wonosadi Kabupaten Gunungkidul merupakan kawasan DTA yang luas dan mampu menyimpan air. Konservasi DTA perlu dilakukan untuk menjamin ketersediaan air. Keberadaan vegetasi tumbuhan yang ada di DTA memberi pengaruh besar terhadap ketersediaan air dan nutrien di tanah, karena vegetasi memegang peran penting dalam siklus hidrologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui peranan ekofisiologis dalam mengkonservasi air dalam proses transpirasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama lima bulan di DTA Wonosadi Kabupaten Gunungkidul dan Laboratorium Ekologi Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada. Sampel tumbuhan diperoleh melalui analisis vegetasi berdasarkan tiga jenis kerapatan vegetasi (tinggi, sedang, dan rendah). Pengukuran laju transpirasi dilakukan pada tiga spesies dominan di DTA Wonosadi dengan menggunakan kertas Kobalt klorida. Tiga spesies dominan yang diperoleh yaitu yaitu Swietenia macrophylla King., Tectona grandis L., dan Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. Ex Benth. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tectona grandis L., merupakan spesies yang paling berpengaruh besar terhadap ketersedian air dengan laju transpirasi 181.00 detik. Tingkat transpirasi tumbuhan juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor abiotik yaitu pH tanah, suhu tanah, suhu udara, kelembapan tanah, kelembapan udara dan intensitas cahaya. Hasil analisis faktor lingkungan menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing kelas kerapatan vegetasi menunjukkan perbedaan hasil di tiap parameter lingkungan. Area kerapatan tinggi memiliki suhu udara dan kelembapan yang tinggi dibanding kelas lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin rapat vegetasi maka semakin tinggi kelembapan di area tersebut. Abstract Extreme weather in Indonesia has caused water crisis in several regions, including Gunungkidul. Wonosadi Catchment Area (DTA) of Gunungkidul Regency is a large catchment area that capabled of storing water. Conservation of the catchment area are needed to ensure the availability of water. The existence of plant vegetation in the catchment area has a major influence on the availability of water and nutrients in the soil, because vegetation plays an important role in the hydrological cycle. This study was conducted to determine the role of ecophysiology in conserving water in the transpiration process. The study was conducted for five months at Wonosadi DTA, Gunungkidul Regency and Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University. Plant samples were obtained through vegetation analysis based on three types of vegetation density (high, medium, and low). Transpiration rate measurements were conducted on the three dominant species in Wonosadi DTA using Cobalt chloride paper. The three dominant species obtained were Swietenia macrophylla King., Tectona grandis L., and Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. Ex Benth. The results showed that Tectona grandis L. has the greatest effect on water availability with a transpiration rate of 181.00 seconds. Plant transpiration rate is also influenced by abiotic factors, namely soil pH, soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture, air humidity, and light intensity. Analysis of environmental factors showed that each vegetation density class shows different results in each environmental parameter. High-density areas have higher air temperature and humidity than other classes. It showed that the denser of vegetation, the higher humidity in the area.

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Hydroalcoholic extract of turmeric (<em>Curcuma longa</em> L.) doses of 1.66 mg/kg containing 10% of curcuminoid was recommended as a supplement for prevention of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to formulate hydroalcoholic extract of turmeric into chewable which are more acceptable and practical. Mannitol-Lactose selected as a filler to make the chewable in this study. Optimum composition of filler of the mixture obtained by the <em>Simplex Lattice Design</em> method.</p><p>Identification of turmeric rhizome has been done at Departemen of Plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The rhizome extraction carried out as re to research carried out by Quiles. The mixture between curcuminoid, ethanol and water extract made up to 25% level of curcuminoid level. Then, Extract was granulated with combination of filler mannitol-lactose to be five formulas, there are: FI (mannitol 100%), FII (mannitol-lactose 75%:25%), FIII (mannitol-lactose 50%:50%), FIV (mannitol-lactose 25%:75%), FV (lactose 100%). The granules then tested their physical properties such as flowability, compactibility, and water content. Furthermore, the granules tableted and physical tested including : weight uniformity, hardness, friability, absorption, flavor acceptance and soluble time. Determining the optimum formulation obtained from the physical properties of the granules and chewable physical properties based on SLD methods. Optimum formula of chewable then tested with kurkuminoid levels. The physical properties data of granules and chewable were analyzed statistically using student’s t-test.</p><p>The result of this study was the optimum formula obtained from the mixture of mannitol-lactose fillers with a ratio of 90% mannitol: 10% lactose. The optimum formula of turmeric extract chewable produced meets the physical properties of the granules and chewable. Acceptance of flavor chewable optimum formula appreciation in the range of sweet and sour taste to sour. Percentage kurkuminoid levels in chewable after manufacture process was 76.42%.</p></div>

The seasonal production of Allium cepa var. ascalonicum causes a rise in its demand during the off-season. Consumers mostly prefer onion cultivars like the 'Super Philip', because of their high productivity, large and round bulbs, shiny appearance, and less spicy taste. In plant breeding, polyploidy induction through mutagens is a technique often used to produce shallot cultivars of better quality. Bio-Catharantin from the leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus L. is used as a polyploid induction agent instead of colchicine. The latest study aimed to determine the effect of Bio-Catharantin concentration (0.2% and 0.4%) on phenotypic traits (plant height, bulb mass, and the number of bulbs), and the chromosome number to determine the minimum concentration that could cause polyploidization in shallots. The research was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 in a greenhouse in Madurejo, Prambanan, and the Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. Bio-Catharantin concentration did not affect plant height which was comparable with the control. Both treatments caused an increase in bulb mass up to 37.7 and 41.76 g at the concentrations of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, compared with the control (31.47 g). The number of bulbs increased up to 10.6 and 9.8 g for 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations, respectively, compared with 8.8 in the control. The ploidy level of cells was increased from 2n (16) to 3n (24) at 2% and 4n (32) at 4% Bio-Catharantin.

Hydroalcoholic extract of turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) doses of 1.66 mg/kg containing 10% of curcuminoid was recommended as a supplement for prevention of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to formulate hydroalcoholic extract of turmeric into chewable which are more acceptable and practical. Mannitol-Lactose selected as a filler to make the chewable in this study. Optimum composition of filler of the mixture obtained by the Simplex Lattice Design method. Identification of turmeric rhizome has been done at Departemen of Plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The rhizome extraction carried out as re to research carried out by Quiles. The mixture between curcuminoid, ethanol and water extract made up to 25% level of curcuminoid level. Then, Extract was granulated with combination of filler mannitol-lactose to be five formulas, there are: FI (mannitol 100%), FII (mannitol-lactose 75%:25%), FIII (mannitol-lactose 50%:50%), FIV (mannitol-lactose 25%:75%), FV (lactose 100%). The granules then tested their physical properties such as flowability, compactibility, and water content. Furthermore, the granules tableted and physical tested including : weight uniformity, hardness, friability, absorption, flavor acceptance and soluble time. Determining the optimum formulation obtained from the physical properties of the granules and chewable physical properties based on SLD methods. Optimum formula of chewable then tested with kurkuminoid levels. The physical properties data of granules and chewable were analyzed statistically using student’s t-test. The result of this study was the optimum formula obtained from the mixture of mannitol-lactose fillers with a ratio of 90% mannitol: 10% lactose. The optimum formula of turmeric extract chewable produced meets the physical properties of the granules and chewable. Acceptance of flavor chewable optimum formula appreciation in the range of sweet and sour taste to sour. Percentage kurkuminoid levels in chewable after manufacture process was 76.42%.

Rahmawati, Sembiring L, Zakaria L, Rahayu ES. 2018. The diversity of indoor airborne molds growing in the university libraries in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 194-201. Airborne mold is potentially causing respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of indoor airborne molds isolated from some libraries in Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Yogyakarta, Indonesia based on morphological characteristics. Sampling was conducted in six libraries at Universitas Gadjah Mada (Libraries of Food and Nutrition at Inter-University Center or Pusat Antar Universitas (PAU), Biotechnology at PAU, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Master of Management, and Faculty of Geography) by non-volumetric air sampling method. Isolation of indoor airborne molds was conducted by using two petri dishes containing Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG 18) for each room. Morphological identification of isolates of indoor airborne molds was based on macromorphological and micromorphological characteristics. Isolation and identification were conducted in Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Nutrition of PAU at Universitas Gadjah Mada. The result showed the diversity of indoor airborne molds, identified to be members of genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Byssochlamys, Cadophora, Chaetomium, Chrysonilia, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Emericella, Epicoccum, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geomyces, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Stemphylium, Scopulariopsis, Wallemia, and Xeromyces. Members of genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium were the most dominant molds. The results of this study indicate that the presence of molds potentially causes illness for the library users.


 
 
 Cephaleuros belongs to the family Trentepohliaceae, order Trentepholiales, and division Chlorophyta, and acts as a parasite on higher plants. The presence of this alga is characterized by the appearance of spots on the surface of the leaf epidermis and generally does not cause serious problems. However, in certain cases, this algal infection can cause serious problems to the leaves, fruits and stems of plants, especially in humid environments. This research objective is to identify the species of Cephaleuros in the campus of the Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. In this research, sampling was conducted using a purposive random sampling method. The samples were then identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Two species of Cephaleuros, i.e. C. virescens and C. parasiticus, were identified as infesting several plants on the Faculty of Biology UGM campus. Each species is described and illustrated in the following article.
 
 

<p>Floral reward is important in ecological and evolutionary perspectives and essential in pollination biology. For example, floral traits, nectar and pollen features are essential for understanding the functional ecology, the dynamics of pollen transport, competition for pollinator services, and patterns of specialization and generalization in plant–pollinator interactions. We believe to present a synthetic description in the field of floral reward in Ranunculaceae family important in pollination biology and indicating connections between ecological and evolutionary approaches. The links between insect visitors’ behaviour and floral reward type and characteristics exist. Ranunculaceae is a family of aboot 1700 species (aboot 60 genera), distributed worldwide, however the most abundant representatives are in temperate and cool regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. The flowers are usually radially symmetric (zygomorphic) and bisexual, but in Aconitum, Aquilegia are bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic). Most Ranunculaceae flowers offer no nectar, only pollen (e.g., Ranunculus, Adonis vernalis, Thalictrum), but numerous species create trophic niches for different wild pollinators (e.g. Osmia, Megachile, Bombus, Andrena) (Denisow et al. 2008). Pollen is a source of protein, vitamins, mineral salts, organic acids and hormones, but the nutritional value varies greatly between different plant species. The pollen production can differ significantly between Ranunculacea species. The mass of pollen produced in anthers differ due to variations in the number of developed anthers. For example, inter-species differences are considerable, 49 anthers are noted in Aquilegia vulgaris, 70 anthers in Ranunculus lanuginosus, 120 in Adonis vernalis. A significant intra-species differences’ in the number of anthers are also noted (e.g. 41 to 61 in Aquilegia vulgaris, 23-45 in Ranunculus cassubicus. Pollen production can be up to 62 kg per ha for Ranunculus acer on meadows. Nectaries are secretory structures that synthesize and release nectar, a multi-component carbohydrate-rich aqueous solution. The relative location of nectaries within a flower is under pressure to maximize relations with pollinators, and hence to ensure the deposition of pollen on the stigma by pollinators. Nectaries are common in Ranunculaceae. Location, morphology and structure of the floral nectaries differ among Ranunculaceae representatives. Nectaries are tubular in Helleborus spp. or situated in nectary spurs (Aconitum, Aquilegia). Nectaries consist of an external epidermis, a photosynthesizing parenchyma, large branches of vascular tissue, a nectar-producing parenchyma, and an internal epidermis (Vesprini et al. 2008). Nectar production is generally associated with mutualistic relations with animals that rely on sugar secretions in their nutrition. Inter-species differences in the amount of nectar produced and nectar chemistry are noted among Ranunculaceae species. Significant variations in nectar carbohydrate composition between male and female sexual phases occur both in the protandrous and protogynous flowers. In Aconitum carmichaelii, male-phase flowers produced 2.4-fold more nectar than female-phase flowers. Nectar sugar composition can differ between species within genera. The nectar can be sucrose-dominant, e.g. in Aconitum carmichaelii or sucrose-rich and lacking glucose in A. lycoctonum (Antoń & Denisow 2014). Variability in nectar production and/or carbohydrate composition in an individual plant may be considered to be evolutionarily significant. It can modify insect movements between flowers and plants, impact on visitation rates, reduce geitonogamy and thus increase plant fitness by cross-pollination. The floral morphology and the type of the floral attractant in Anemone sylvestris is an example of the in-between form from entomophily to anemophily (lack of nectar, papillous stigma, dense hairs situated between single carpels, small pollen grains – 10-25 µm, lack of balsam on the exine surface, starch accumulation in pollen). In conclusion, the flower morphology and type of floral reward in Ranunculaceae species indicate the patterns for generalized insect visitors/pollinators (Apoidea bees, Coleoptera, Diptera) in actinomorphic species, for specialization towards bumblebees or show in-between form from entomophily to anemophily.</p>