Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the most common foodborne pathogens in humans. Here, we summarize the laboratory surveillance data of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Greece for 2003–2020. The total number of samples declined over the study period (p < 0.001). Of the 193 identified serotypes, S. Enteritidis was the most common (52.8%), followed by S. Typhimurium (11.5%), monophasic S. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- (4.4%), S. Bovismorbificans (3.4%) and S. Oranienburg (2.4%). The isolation rate of S. Enteritidis declined (p < 0.001), followed by an increase of the less common serotypes. Monophasic S. Typhimurium has been among the five most frequently identified serotypes every year since it was first identified in 2007. Overall, Salmonella isolates were resistant to penicillins (11%); aminoglycosides (15%); tetracyclines (12%); miscellaneous agents (sulphonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and streptomycin) (12%) and third-generation cephalosporins (2%). No isolate was resistant to carbapenems. In total, 2070 isolates (24%) were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes and 903 (10%) to three and more. Out of the 1166 isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones (13%), 845 (72%) were S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis was also the most frequently identified serotype with a resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (37%, 62/166), followed by S. Typhimurium (12%, 20/166). MDR was most frequently identified for S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (resistant phenotype of ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphamethoxazole with or without chloramphenicol or trimethoprim).
Highlights
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) cause infections that may have a variety of clinical manifestations; gastroenteritis is the most common of them, and it is usually self-limiting
We summarize the available data from laboratory surveillance of non-typhoidal human salmonellosis in Greece for the period 2003–2020
10,065 isolates belonged to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and 291 to other subspecies: S. enterica salamae (n = 252) and S. enterica diarizonae (n = 39)
Summary
Human non-typhoidal salmonellosis persists in industrialized countries, despite the advanced personal, domestic and community sanitation and hygiene conditions and monitoring of food processing. (NTS) cause infections that may have a variety of clinical manifestations; gastroenteritis is the most common of them, and it is usually self-limiting. NTS serotypes represent some of the most common causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide and, have a major economic and public health impact [3]. In the European Union (EU), salmonellosis is the second-most reported gastrointestinal infection in humans after campylobacteriosis and a major cause of foodborne outbreaks; in 2019, 87,923 Salmonella cases were reported, 16,628 hospitalized cases and 140 deaths. The EU notification rate for was 20.0 cases per 100,000 population [4]
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