Abstract
The diversity and secondary metabolite potential of culturable actinomycetes associated with eight different marine sponges collected from the South China Sea and the Yellow sea were investigated. A total of 327 strains were isolated and 108 representative isolates were selected for phylogenetic analysis. Ten families and 13 genera of Actinomycetales were detected, among which five genera represent first records isolated from marine sponges. Oligotrophic medium M5 (water agar) proved to be efficient for selective isolation, and “Micromonospora–Streptomyces” was proposed as the major distribution group of sponge-associated actinomycetes from the China Seas. Ten isolates are likely to represent novel species. Sponge Hymeniacidon perleve was found to contain the highest genus diversity (seven genera) of actinomycetes. Housekeeping gene phylogenetic analyses of the isolates indicated one ubiquitous Micromonospora species, one unique Streptomyces species and one unique Verrucosispora phylogroup. Of the isolates, 27.5% displayed antimicrobial activity, and 91% contained polyketide synthase and/or nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes, indicating that these isolates had a high potential to produce secondary metabolites. The isolates from sponge Axinella sp. contained the highest presence of both antimicrobial activity and NRPS genes, while those from isolation medium DNBA showed the highest presence of antimicrobial activity and PKS I genes.
Highlights
Marine sponges (Phylum Porifera) are multicellular invertebrate sessile filter-feeders that provide unique and favorable environmental conditions for microbial colonization and often harbor abundant and diverse microbes
Among the nearly 10,000 sponge-derived microbial sequences submitted to public databases, about one-sixth belong to Actinobacteria [19], indicating that this is an important group among sponge-associated microorganisms
The quantitative data of this study indicated that oligotrophic media were suitable for the culture and isolation of marine sponge-associated actinomycetes
Summary
Marine sponges (Phylum Porifera) are multicellular invertebrate sessile filter-feeders that provide unique and favorable environmental conditions for microbial colonization and often harbor abundant and diverse microbes. The study of marine-sponge-associated actinobacterial diversity involves both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The use of culture-independent methods has enabled the detection of an additional five genera of actinomycetes in marine sponges, as well as many unculturable novel actinobacterial taxa [21,30,31]. Both of the above-mentioned methods have defects and bias, the culture-dependent method is still popular even in the ―omics‖ age [32]. This is partly because the isolates yielded from this method provide very useful phenotypic and genotypic information [33], such as physiological traits and biosynthetic potential, for further ecological investigation and bioprospecting
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