Diverse fungal communities in commercial karebushi produced with or without a starter culture.

Soil fungi are closely tied to their surrounding environment. While numerous studies have reported the effects of land-use practices or elevations on soil fungi, our understanding of how their community structure and diversity vary with elevation across different land-use practices remains limited. In the present study, by collecting soil samples from four different land uses in the Gaoligong Mountain area, namely shrublands (SLs), coffee plantations (CPs), cornfields (CFs), and citrus orchards (COs), and combining them with the changes in altitude gradients (low: 900 m, medium: 1200 m, high: 1500 m), high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the composition and diversity of soil fungal communities based on the collected soil samples. The results showed that the interaction between land-use types and elevation significantly influenced the structure and diversity of fungal communities, although their relative importance in shaping fungal diversity or community structure varied. Specifically, elevation posed a stronger effect on fungal community alpha-diversity and functional guilds, whereas land-use types had a greater influence over fungal community composition. Our study reveals the individual and combined effects of land-use practices and elevation on the structure and diversity of soil fungal communities in the Gaoligong Mountain region, enhancing our understanding of the distribution patterns and driving mechanisms of soil fungal communities in this biodiversity-rich region.

This study aimed to explore the effects of different disturbances on the fungal communities in the sediments of the Jialing River in order to provide scientific basis for the protection of the river ecosystem. The fungal community in the sediments of the main stream of the Jialing River was taken as the research object, and high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics techniques were used to analyze the differences in the composition and function of fungal communities in river sediment of different types of disturbance （project disturbance, tributary disturbance, sand mining disturbance, and reclamation disturbance） and non-disturbance sections. The results showed that： ① The reclamation and project disturbances significantly inhibited the diversity and richness of fungal communities （P<0.05）. The tributary disturbance increased the richness of fungal communities, whereas the impact of sand mining disturbance on sediment fungal communities was not significant. ② The diversity and composition of fungal communities tended to be similar at the different sampling sites in the section with low input of exogenous substances （non-disturbance and sand mining disturbance）, whereas there were obvious differences in the diversity of fungal communities at the different sampling sites of high input of external substances （tributary disturbance, project disturbance, and reclamation disturbance） sections. ③ Ascomycota, Rozellomycota, and Basidiomycota were the main dominant fungal phyla in the sediments of the Jialing River. The relative abundance of Rozellomycota was the highest in the sand mining interference section, and the relative abundance of Basidiomycota was the highest in the tributary interference section. Project disturbance significantly increased the relative abundance of saprotrophs, animal pathogens, plant pathogens, and dung saprotrophs, whereas other disturbances inhibited the relative abundance of fungal parasitic fungi, plant pathogens, and plant saprophytes. In conclusion, human disturbance has caused changes in fungal diversity, community structure, and function in the sediment of the Jialing River, and xenobiotic input was a key factor contributing to this phenomenon. The results can provide a reference for predicting and evaluating the ecological quality of river sediments.

Microbial communities are closely related to the overall health and quality of soil, but studies on microbial ecology in apple pear orchard soils are limited. In the current study, 28 soil samples were collected from three apple pear orchards, and the composition and structure of fungal and bacterial communities were investigated by high-throughput sequencing. The molecular ecological network showed that the keystone taxa of bacterial communities were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Chloroflexi, and the keystone taxon of fungal communities was Ascomycota. Mantel tests showed that soil texture and pH were important factors shaping soil bacterial and fungal communities, and soil water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) were also closely related to soil bacterial communities. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and variation partition analysis (VPA) revealed that geographic distance, soil texture, pH, and other soil properties could explain 10.55%, 13.5%, and 19.03% of the overall variation in bacterial communities, and 11.61%, 13.03%, and 20.26% of the overall variation in fungal communities, respectively. The keystone taxa of bacterial and fungal communities in apple pear orchard soils and their strong correlation with soil properties could provide useful clues toward sustainable management of orchards.

An ecological approach was used to investigate the relationship between diversity of soil fungal communities and soil‐borne pathogen inoculum in a potato growing area of northern Italy affected by yield decline. The study was performed in 14 sites with the same tillage management practices: 10 named ‘potato sites’, that for many years had been intensely cultivated with potatoes, and 4 named ‘rotation sites’, subject to a 4‐year rotation without potatoes or any recurrent crop for many years. Fungal communities were recorded using conventional (soil fungi by plate count and endophytic fungi as infection frequency on pot‐grown potato plant roots in soil samples) and molecular approaches [Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes with specific and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis]. Diversity of fungal communities in potato sites was significantly lower than that in rotation sites. In addition, fungal communities in rotation sites showed lower Berger–Parker dominance than those in the potato sites, suggesting that rotation sites had a higher diversity as well as a better fungal community balance than potato sites. The ANalysis Of SIMilarity test of soil fungi and root endophytic fungi revealed that the two cropping systems differed significantly for species composition. Root endophytic fungal communities showed a greater ability to colonise potato roots in soil samples from potato sites than those from rotation sites. Moreover, the majority of endophytic root fungal community species in potato sites belonged to the potato root rot complex and storage disease (Colletotrichum coccodes,Fusarium solaniandFusarium oxysporum), while those in rotation sites were mainly ubiquitous or saprobic fungi. Soil rDNA analyses showed that Ascomycetes were much more frequent than Basidiomycetes in all the soils examined. DGGE analysis, with the Ascomycete‐specific primer (ITS1F/ITS4A), did not reveal distinctions between the communities found at the potato and rotation sites, although the same analysis showed differences between the communities of Basidiomycetes (specific primer ITS1F/ITS4B). These findings showed that recurrent potato cropping affected diversity and composition of soil fungal communities and induced a shift in specialisation of the endophytic fungi towards potato.

This study is aimed to reveal the rhizosphere soil fungal community structure difference of Coptis chinensis cropping between natural forest and artificial shed modes, and provide theoretical guidance for soil improvement and C. chinensis planting. The rhizosphere soil samples of 1-5-year-old C. chinensis under natural forest and artificial shed modes were collected. Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the community structure and diversity of soil fungi under the tow cropping modes,and the effects of soil nutriment indices on soil fungal community structure. The results suggested that the abundance and diversity of fungal communities in soil of 2-5-year-old C. chinensis were not significant different in both two cropping modes, but it was significantly higher than that in the 1-year-old C. chinensis. Comparing soil samples from the same year-old C. chinensis under the two cropping modes, it was found that there was no significant difference in the abundance and diversity of fungal communities. The fungal community of the rhizosphere soil was different in composition and abundance between tow cropping modes, and between different planting years. The 17 phyla,59 classes and 155 orders,and 17 phyla,59 classes and 157 orders were detected in the rhizosphere soil of C. chinensis under the cropping modes of natural forest and the artificial shed, respectively. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota were dominant phyla in rhizosphere soil, and the average abundance of the 3 phyla accounted for 74.36% and 74.30% of the total fungi. The results of analysis of similarities showed that there were significant differences in the fungal community structure of 1-year-old and 2-year-old C. chinensis soil fungi, and there was no significant difference in the community structure of 3-5-year-old samples. Under the natural forest cropping mode, there were significant differences among the samples of different years. Under the artificial shed cropping, there were significant differences in fungal community structure between 1-year-old and 3-5-year-old C. chinensis soil, and between 2-year-old and 3-5-year-old C. chinensis soil. The results of canonical correlation analysis showed that soil pH and soil organic matter content were the main factors affecting the soil fungal community structure. Soil organic matter content was positively correlated with Basidiomycota and Cryptomycota, pH was negatively correlated with Basidiomycota and C. ryptomycota. The planting of C. chinensis has promoted the diversity and abundance of rhizosphere fungal community significantly. For the same year-old C. chinensis soil, abundance of fungal community was no significant difference between two cropping modes. There are significant differences in the rhizosphere soil fungal community structure between tow cropping modes in the first two years of planting. Through the interaction between the rhizosphere and the soil and the continuous selection of the rhizosphere to the fungal community, the fungal community structure tended to be the same between the two cropping modes in rhizosphere soil of 3-5-year old C. chinensis. The soil pH and orga-nic matter content were the main factors affecting the change of fungal community structure.

A traditional culture-dependent method and ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) were employed to investigate the fungal communities in two representative samples of wheat Qu (S1, S2). A total of seven species were isolated on media of potato dextrose agar, Czapek and wheat Qu extraction. Owing to the difference in the culture media, a high variability of predominant species was observed. RISA profiles of total DNA exhibited distinguishable bands corresponding to nine fungal species. Similar RISA profiles of two starter cultures were obtained. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer fragments from fungal isolates and RISA fingerprint profiles revealed the presence of nine species of fungi in wheat Qu S1: Lichtheimia ramosa, Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizomucor pusillus, Eurotium amstelodami, Issatchenkia orientalis, Emericella nidulans and Cladosporium cladosporioides. In comparison with S1, S2 had a richer fungal diversity. The fungal species derived from S1 were all present in S2 coupled with another two species, namely, Aspergillus niger and Clavispora lusitaniae. Among all species isolated, Aspergillus sydowii was the dominant species in Qingshuang-type Chinese rice wine wheat Qu. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

The fungal loop model of semiarid ecosystems integrates microtopographic structures and pulse dynamics with key microbial processes. However limited data exist about the composition and structure of fungal communities in these ecosystems. The goal of this study was to characterize diversity and structure of soil fungal communities in a semiarid grassland. The effect of long-term nitrogen fertilization on fungi also was evaluated. Samples of rhizosphere (soil surrounding plant roots) and biological soil crust (BSC) were collected in central New Mexico, USA. DNA was amplified from the samples with fungal specific primers. Twelve clone libraries were generated with a total of 307 (78 operational taxonomic units, OTUs) and 324 sequences (67 OTUs) for BSC and rhizosphere respectively. Approximately 40% of soil OTUs were considered novel (less than 97% identity when compared to other sequences in NCBI using BLAST). The dominant organisms were dark-septate (melanized fungi) ascomycetes belonging to Pleosporales. Effects of N enrichment on fungi were not evident at the community level; however the abundance of unique sequences, sampling intensity and temporal variations may be uncovering the effect of N in composition and diversity of fungal communities. The fungal communities of rhizosphere soil and BSC overlapped substantially in composition, with a Jaccard abundance similarity index of 0.75. Further analyses are required to explore possible functions of the dominant species colonizing zones of semiarid grassland soils.

Diverse Human Skin Fungal Communities in Children Converge in Adulthood

Plant diversity and soil properties regulate the microbial community of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest under different intensities of woodland use

<p indent="0mm">Microorganisms are the most active components of soil and are very sensitive to external disturbances, so they are often used as an important indicator for evaluating the function and health of soil ecosystems. Many studies have investigated the effects of grazing on soil microorganisms, however, how the grazing effects on soil microbes vary among different grassland types and the underlying mechanism are still largely unexplored. In this study, we selected four different types of grasslands in northern China, i.e., meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe and alpine meadow and compared the variation of heavy-grazing effects on soil microbial community composition and diversity and explored the potential drivers of soil microbial community composition and diversity in each grassland type. The results showed that within the same grassland type, the effects of heavy grazing on the α diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities were not significant compared with those of the control. Similarly, we found that the β diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities from the heavy-grazing plots was not significantly different from those from the control plots. However, we found that the α diversity and β diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities varied significantly among the four grassland types. The ASV richness and Shannon diversity of soil bacterial community in meadow steppe was consistently higher than those of the other three grassland types. In contrast, alpine meadow generally had the highest fungal α-diversity. The fungal ASV richness in alpine meadow was significantly higher than that of meadow steppe and desert steppe and the fungal Shannon diversity in alpine meadow was significantly higher than that of typical steppe. The bacterial and fungal community structures of typical steppe and meadow steppe were similar, and differed significantly from those of desert steppe and alpine meadow. The random forest results showed that the key drivers of soil bacterial and fungal α-diversity and β-diversity differed among the different grassland types. Soil organic carbon, C:N ratio, available phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen and plant belowground biomass were the most important predictors driving the α diversity of soil bacterial communities. Soil available nitrogen, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, pH and plant aboveground biomass were the most important predictors driving the α diversity of soil fungal communities. Soil organic carbon, plant belowground biomass and total nitrogen were the most important predictors driving the β diversity of soil bacterial communities. Soil organic carbon and available nitrogen were the most important predictors driving the β diversity of soil fungal communities. This study compared the difference of heavy grazing on soil microbial community diversity in different grassland types, revealed the key drivers of soil microbial diversity in different types of grasslands, and provided a theoretical basis for the management of natural grasslands as well as the restoration of degraded grasslands.

Effects of sediment physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the diversity, structure, and functions of bacterial and fungal communities from a eutrophic river

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 柏木人工林林窗位置对香椿细根分解及土壤真菌群落多样性的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202101210225 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFD0600302-05）；国家自然科学基金项目（32071747）；绵阳师范学院生态安全与保护四川省重点实验室开放基金项目（ESP-2104）；绵阳师范学院高层次人才科研启动项目（QD2020A17） Effects of gap locations on the decomposition of fine root of Toona sinensis and soil fungal community diversity in cypress plantation forest Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: The Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了解林窗位置对香椿细根分解及土壤真菌群落多样性的影响，以川中丘陵区30a生柏木人工林为研究对象，采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究200 m2人工林窗中心位置（GC）、边缘位置（GB）、郁闭林（CC）对香椿细根2a自然分解后土壤真菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明，林窗内不同位置之间微环境差异显著（P<0.05），土壤理化性质对林窗位置变化的响应较细根养分元素更积极，GB位置细根分解速率显著高于GC和CC。土壤真菌门水平在3个林窗位置间无显著差异，其中子囊菌门、担子菌门是优势类群；腐生营养型真菌在3个林窗位置上具有显著差异，散囊菌目、粪壳菌目、肉座菌目、刺盾炱目、伞菌目是3个位置上相对丰度值>1%的优势类群，刺盾炱目、伞菌目相对丰度在GB和CC之间有显著差异（P<0.05）；青霉属和曲霉属是真菌在属水平上的优势类群，其相对丰度在3个位置间有极显著差异（P<0.01）。林窗位置未对真菌群落α多样性产生显著影响，但群落β多样性对位置变化的响应显著。GB位置群落β多样性显著高于GC和CC （P<0.05），共有种数量最多，GC位置特有种数量最多。冗余分析发现较多环境因子对真菌群落的影响显著（P<0.01），Mantel test （和partial Mantel test）分析结果表明土壤pH值、土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤速效磷、土壤全氮是真菌群落多样性的重要影响因子。综上所述，林窗内位置对土壤真菌类群构成和群落β多样性具有差异性影响，在柏木人工林内实施林窗式干扰有助于调节细根分解等地下生态进程。 Abstract:The effect of gap location heterogeneity on decomposition of plant fine roots and soil fungal community diversity was investigated in a forest with Cupressus funebris plantation for 30 years, in the hilly region in central Sichuan Province. In an area with gap size 200 m2, the structure and diversity of soil fungal community associated with 2a natural decomposition of fine root of Toona sinensis were investigated separately on three different locations:gap center (GC), gap boarder (GB) and closed canopy (CC), by using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that there were significant differences in microenvironment across different gap locations (P<0.05). The response of soil physical and chemical properties to the gap position was more sensitive than that of fine root nutrient elements, and the decomposition rate of fine roots at GB position was significantly higher than that of GC and CC. There was no significant difference in soil fungal community at phylum level. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes were dominant groups across different gap locations. Base on FUNGuild results, the trophic modes of saprotrophs showed significant differences across different gap locations, the classes of Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Sordariales, Chaetothyriales and Agaricales were dominant with the relative abundances>1% across the three locations. The relative abundances of Agaricales and Chaetothyriales were significantly different between GB and CC (P<0.05). The genera of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Chaetomium and Staphylotrichum were the dominant taxa, and there were significant differences in their relative abundances across the three locations (P<0.01). The α diversities of the fungal communities were not significantly affected by the gap locations, but their β diversities were more responsive to different gap locations. The β diversity at GB was significantly higher than those at GC and CC (P<0.05), with the largest number of shared species at GB and the largest number of endemic species at GC site. Redundancy analysis revealed significant effects of the environmental factors on the fungal community (P<0.01). Partial Mantel test showed that the factors such as pH, water content (SWC), temperature (ST), available P (SNP) and total N (STN) in soil were important factors influencing fungal community diversity. In conclusion, forest gap locations significantly affected the composition and diversity of soil fungal community. The findings were helpful to regulate the underground ecological processes such as fine root decomposition in cypress plantation forests. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

The potential correlations between the fungal communities and volatile compounds of traditional dry sausages from Northeast China

Diverse compost products influence soil bacterial and fungal community diversity in a potato crop production system

Almost all land plant species form a symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. These soil fungi provide nutrients and other services to plants in return for plant carbohydrates. The recent application of microbial metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics to plants and their immediate surroundings confirms the key role of mycorrhizal fungi, rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, and suggests a world of hitherto undiscovered interactions (van der Heijden et al., this issue, pp. 1406–1423). This novel knowledge is leading to a paradigm-shifting view: plants cannot be considered as isolated individuals any more, but as metaorganisms, or holobionts (Hacquard & Schadt, this issue, pp. 1424– 1430) encompassing an active microbial community re-programming host physiology (see Pozo et al., this issue, pp. 1431–1436). This bears tremendous implications for plant ecophysiology and evolution, plant breeding, crop management and sustainable ecosystem management.