Divergence Insufficiency Esotropia Associated with Excessive Near Work During the Coronavirus Pandemic

Background and PurposeTo report on the outcomes of treating children with a persistent esotropia with an injection of botulinum toxin in a medial rectus muscle.Patients and MethodsThe medical records were reviewed of all children at one institution with a persistent esotropia after bilateral medial rectus recessions and bilateral lateral rectus resections then treated with a botulinum toxin injection.ResultsFive patients with a mean preoperative esotropia of 37Δ (range 25-50Δ) underwent bilateral medial rectus recessions and then bilateral lateral rectus resections. Their residual esotropia (mean of 25Δ; range 18-35Δ) was then treated with a single injection of 3-5 units of botulinum toxin into one medial rectus muscle. The patients were then followed for a mean of 34 months (range 14-79 months). At last follow-up, two patients had an esotropia <10Δ. The other three patients had no long-term improvement in their ocular alignment. Two of these patients then underwent additional strabismus surgery. In both cases, they then developed a consecutive exotropia.ConclusionTreatment with a single injection of botulinum toxin was beneficial in 2 of 5 children. Botulinum toxin treatment alone did not result in a consecutive exotropia in any patients treated.

Unilateral or bilateral lateral rectus resection is commonly performed for the correction of residual esotropia, but few results have been reported. Twenty-eight patients with residual esotropia underwent bilateral lateral rectus (BLR) resection. Six months after operation (n = 25), there were 17 (68%) successful cases, 7 (28%) cases of undercorrection, and 1 (4%) case of overcorrection. The success rate at the 24th postoperative month (n = 11) was 72.7%. The success rate for cases of infantile esotropia (n = 18) was higher than that for acquired esotropia (n = 7) at the 6th postoperative month (p = 0.156). The results were not significantly affected by the presence of other deviations (p = 0.387), the performance of other surgery (p = 0.393), the presence of amblyopia (p = 1.00), or the amount of residual esotropia (p = 0.604). Performance of BLR resection in patients with residual esotropia after bilateral medial rectus (BMR) recession is considered appropriate due to its high success rate and provision of a stable alignment during two-year follow up.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships between excessive near work and divergence insufficiency esotropia in young adults. A prospective study described a series of young patients with divergence insufficiency esotropia related to excessive near work between 2012 and 2017. The medical records of twelve young patients with divergence insufficiency esotropia and a history of excessive near work were reviewed, and the duration of near work, angle of primary position deviations at distance and at near, and angle of primary position deviations after refraining from near work for 3 months were analyzed. All patients with divergence insufficiency esotropia (age range: 21–35 years) showed an initial esodeviation ranging from 18 to 35 prism diopters for distance fixation and ranging from 8 to 20 prism diopters for near. Neurological evaluation in all cases was normal. Myopic refractive errors were detected in twelve patients. Every patient persisted near work for more than 6 h a day over a period of several months (minimum 4 months). Reductions in esodeviation were noted in twelve patients after refraining from near work for more than 3 months. Only one patient was diplopia free in all positions of gaze. The remaining eleven patients were treated successfully, six with prisms and five with surgery. They were all orthophoric and demonstrated restored binocularity at the post-treatment examinations. Our findings suggested that excessive near work might influence the development of divergence insufficiency esotropia in young adults. Refraining from excessive near work could decrease the degree of esodeviation in these patients.

Previous studies show that parents play a critical role in developing adolescents’ excessive media use. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of parental depression on adolescents’ excessive smartphone use. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether perceived parental depression can predict adolescents’ excessive smartphone use and whether adolescents’ psychological problems, such as depression and anxiety, account for the association between perceived parental depression and adolescents’ excessive smartphone use from a sample of 1,156 adolescents. The hypothesized model was tested using hierarchical regression and the PROCESS macro (Model 4). Hierarchical regression analysis showed that perceived parental depression positively predicts adolescents’ excessive smartphone use. Additionally, mediation analyses revealed that the effects of perceived parental depression on adolescents’ excessive smartphone use were mediated by adolescents’ depression and anxiety. The results provide evidence of the direct effect of perceived parental depression on adolescents’ excessive smartphone use and the indirect effects of adolescents’ depression and anxiety on this relationship. These results have meaningful implications from the theoretical and applied perspectives. The directions for future research are also discussed.

Objective To investigate the relationship between excessive use of smartphone and acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE). Methods The data of 30 cases with AACE between Feb. 2016 and Jan. 2018, and the data of 4 cases with AACE between Feb. 2009 and Jan. 2011 and 4 cases with AACE between Feb. 2011 and Jan.2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Among 30 patients in observation group, there were 24 cases who used smartphone for more than 5h a day. Diplopia occurred after several months. There were 9 cases among 24 cases used smartphone for more than 8 h a day, and diplopia occurred after excessive use of smartphone for a long time. Conclusion Excessive use of smartphone can promote AACE development in susceptible people. Key words: Comitant esotropia, acute, acquired; Smartphone; Use, excessive

This paper reviews the literature on the impact of excessive smartphone use on social health. With the growing popularity of smartphones, there has been an increasing concern about the impact of excessive smartphone use on social health. This review examines the factors contributing to excessive smartphone use, the impact of excessive smartphone uses on social health, and strategies for managing smartphone use to promote healthy social relationships. The literature review highlights that excessive smartphone use can have negative effects on social health, such as social isolation, decreased face-to-face communication, and increased anxiety and depression. Factors contributing to excessive smartphone use include addiction, fear of missing out, and boredom. However, several strategies can be effective in managing smartphone use, such as setting boundaries, practising mindfulness, and engaging in alternative activities. The paper concludes with implications for future research, including the need for further studies to explore the long-term effects of excessive smartphone use on social health, the effectiveness of different strategies for managing smartphone use, the underlying mechanisms that contribute to excessive smartphone use, and the impact of social media platforms on social health. This review provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who are interested in understanding the impact of excessive smartphone use on social health and developing effective strategies for managing smartphone use to promote healthy social relationships.

A Structural Equation Model on Korean Adolescents' Excessive Use of Smartphones

Loneliness and excessive smartphone use among Chinese college students: Moderated mediation effect of perceived stressed and motivation

Excessive smartphone use has recently attracted researchers’ attention. Previous studies have suggested that state anxiety and motivations are important predictors of excessive smartphone use. However, few studies have investigated how motivations and state anxiety interact with each other, and the subsequent impact on excessive smartphone use. In the current study, based on the Compensatory Internet Use theory, we analyzed the moderating role of state anxiety on the relationship between two types of motivations (i.e. entertainment and social interaction) and excessive smartphone use. Using the Smartphone Addiction Scale for College Students (SAS-C), Smartphone Usage Motivation Scale and State Anxiety Scale (S-Anxiety), we investigated 600 Chinese college students who identified themselves as smartphone users. Results indicated that: (1) for the high smartphone-use group, state anxiety moderates the relationship between entertainment and social interaction motivations and excessive smartphone use; (2) for the low smartphone-use group, state anxiety does not moderate the relationship between entertainment and social interaction motivations and excessive smartphone use. Our study emphasized the importance of psychological well-being variables (i.e. anxiety in this study) in facilitating excessive smartphone use, and may provide guidance for the design of interventions targeted at people suffering from excessive smartphone use.

BackgroundExcessive smartphone use is a new and debated phenomenon frequently mentioned in the context of behavioral addiction, showing both shared and distinct traits when compared to pathological gaming and gambling.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe excessive smartphone use and associated factors among adolescents, focusing on comparisons between boys and girls.MethodsThis study was based on data collected through a large-scale public health survey distributed in 2016 to pupils in the 9th grade of primary school and those in the 2nd grade of secondary school. Bayesian binomial regression models, with weakly informative priors, were used to examine whether the frequency of associated factors differed between those who reported excessive smartphone use and those who did not.ResultsThe overall response rate was 77% (9143/11,868) among 9th grade pupils and 73.4% (7949/10,832) among 2nd grade pupils, resulting in a total of 17,092 responses. Based on the estimated median absolute percentage differences, along with associated odds ratios, we found that excessive smartphone use was associated with the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and other substances. The reporting of anxiety and worry along with feeling low more than once a week consistently increased the odds of excessive smartphone use among girls, whereas anxiety and worry elevated the odds of excessive smartphone use among boys. The reporting of less than 7 hours of sleep per night was associated with excessive smartphone use in all 4 study groups.ConclusionsThe results varied across gender and grade in terms of robustness and the size of estimated difference. However, excessive smartphone use was associated with a higher frequency of multiple suspected associated factors, including ever having tried smoking, alcohol, or other substances; poor sleep; and often feeling low and feeling anxious. This study sheds light on some features and distinctions of a potentially problematic behavior among adolescents.

Excessive smartphone use has recently become a topic of interest. Prior studies have suggested that psychological well-being variables and motivations are important predictors of excessive smartphone use. However, few have examined the internal mechanism of these factors in leading to excessive smartphone use. Based on Compensatory Internet Use theory, we investigated the moderating role of psychological resilience between two types of motivation — escapism and social interaction — and excessive smartphone use. Selecting 576 typical smartphone users, we found: (1) Escapism motivation and psychological resilience significantly correlate with excessive smartphone use, whereas social interaction motivation does not; (2) Psychological resilience moderates the relationship between both escapism and social interaction motivation and excessive smartphone use. Our study demonstrates the mechanism of different types of motivation and the protective effect of psychological resilience on excessive smartphone use. Thus, we emphasize resilience training that would help train people to be able to cope with life problems more effectively.

Although excessive smartphone use has been confirmed as being associated with specific representations of mental health (e. g., anxiety, depression, wellbeing, etc.) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the relationship between excessive smartphone use and cognitive representations of mental health (i.e., psychological safety) is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to identify the association between excessive smartphone use and psychological safety among university freshmen during the COVID-19 pandemic; in addition, we examined the mediation effects of hardiness and interpersonal distress in this relationship. In this study, 1,224 university freshmen were selected at random from several universities in Guizhou Province of China. The Psychological Safety Scale was used to evaluate the mental health of university freshmen; the Mobile Phone Dependence Scale was used to evaluate excessive smartphone use; the Hardiness Questionnaire was used to evaluate hardiness; and the Interpersonal Relation Synthetic Diagnose Test was used to evaluate interpersonal distress. The findings showed that: (1) the greater the degree of excessive smartphone use, the more serious respondents' interpersonal distress and the lower their hardiness; (2) excessive smartphone use was not only directly related to the psychological safety of university freshmen but also indirectly related to their psychological safety through the independent mediation of hardiness and interpersonal distress, as well as through the chain mediation of hardiness and interpersonal distress. In general, excessive smartphone use in university freshmen could lead to a decline in their psychological safety. Also, hardiness and interpersonal distress play a complex role in this relationship. During the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions on the mental health of college freshmen should not only provide guidance on how to use their smartphone responsibly but also to provide them with support and guidance for the enhancement of their hardiness and improvement of their interpersonal relationships.

Problematic smartphone use is the excessive use of the smartphone with negative impacts on the quality of life of the user. We investigated the association between social anxiety and excessive smartphone use. The sample consisted of 140 participants, 73 male and 67 female university students with a mean age of 26 years and 4 months (SD = 3.38), who filled in the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). Results showed a positive association between social anxiety and excessive smartphone use. Social anxiety explained 31.5% of the variance of ratings on the SAS. A second study investigated the interaction between abstinence and sensation seeking and excessive smartphone use. The sample consisted of 60 participants, 44 female and 16 male university students. The sample was divided into two experimental conditions: 30 participants were abstinent for 1.5 h from the smartphone and 30 participants were non-abstinent. Results showed that excessive smartphone use increased in the group that abstained compared to those who did not. Secondly, participants who had high baseline sensation-seeking ratings had higher scores of excessive smartphone use after abstinence compared with those with low ratings of sensation seeking. These studies indicate the contribution of social anxiety to problematic smartphone use and how it can be exacerbated by the combination of abstinence and high sensation seeking.

IntroductionPrevious studies have demonstrated that impulsivity is positively correlated with excessive smartphone use, indicating the involvement of frontal lobe circuits. This study examined excessive smartphone use, impulsivity, and mental wellbeing in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) before and after occupational rehabilitation treatment, and control participants.ProcedureParticipants consisted of 44 patients with ABI [10 patients with orbitofrontal syndrome (OFS) and 34 without OFS] and 69 control participants with no history of brain injury. The procedure included a smartphone application that tracked daily smartphone use and frequency of device unlocks, computerized tasks that evaluated impulsive choice (Delay Discounting Task), impulsive action or response inhibition (the ability to stop an already-initiated action—the Go/No-Go task), and questionnaires measuring excessive smartphone use, obsessive–compulsive symptoms [Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (YBOCS)], impulsivity [Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), which measures non-planning, motor and attention impulsivity], and mental wellbeing [Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), which measures depression, anxiety, and stress]. Data were collected at two time points: baseline (T1) and 5 months later (T2).ResultsAt baseline (T1), patients with ABI and OFS exhibited higher impulsive action, indicated by more commission errors on the Go/No-Go task, excessive smartphone use, and higher ratings of depression compared with control participants. Secondly, patients with ABI without OFS showed higher trait attention-impulsivity ratings compared with control participants. After treatment (T2), patients with ABI showed improved impulsive choice, indicated by improved delay discounting, but no improvement in smartphone use.DiscussionBrain injury, particularly in frontal regions, is associated with impulsiveness and excessive smartphone use. Patients with ABI showed an improvement in delay discounting after treatment, which is likely due to occupational therapy and training in control of impulsivity. It is recommended that specific treatment program for excessive smartphone use will be developed for patients with ABI.

Background In current days, smartphone use is inevitable in everyday life and has increased drastically over recent decades not only in adults but also in adolescents. Even though smartphone provides convenience and produces personal pleasure, the potential causable problems due to excessive smartphone use (ESU) of adolescents have been reported continuously. As ESU of adolescents became one of the important social issue, the connection between specific personality traits and ESU is being studied continuously. Aims &amp; Objectives This study explored whether altered resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) is related to personality traits and other psychological factors in adolescents demonstrating ESU compared to healthy controls (HCs). Methods Thirty six adolescents (38.7%) were prone to ESU and fifty seven adolescents were HCs. Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adolescents (S-scale) was used to measure ESU and adolescent version of temperament and character inventory (JTCI) was used to measure personality traits in this study. For rsFC analysis, the left and right central executive network (CEN), the salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN) were included in the analysis in order to investigate the brain networks related to personality traits that impact ESU. In addition, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), midcingulate cortex (MCC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), which are related to reward processing and cognitive control, were included in the analysis in order to examine the brain networks related to temperament and character subscales of TCI that influence ESU. Results Mean scores of ESU adolescents were lower in persistence than HCs. In addition, HCs group had a positive correlation with novelty seeking and a negative correlation with persistence in bivariate correlation analysis. However, ESU group had no significant correlation with TCI personality traits. In the rsFC, ESU group showed lower functional connectivity in brain regions related to the salience network compared with HCs. ESU showed lower connectivity between the left middle cingulate cortex (MCC) and left superior parietal lobule, and between the left MCC and left postcentral gyrus. In addition, lower connectivity between the left posterior cingulate gyrus and right precentral gyrus and between the left orbital frontoinsula and right precentral gyrus were shown in ESU. Discussion &amp; Conclusions This study suggests that smartphone proneness was associated with low persistence in terms of temperament and it was engaged in neurofunctional alterations. References Chun, J.W., Choi, J., Cho, H., Choi, M.R., Ahn, K.J., Choi, J.S. and Kim, D.J., 2018. Role of frontostriatal connectivity in adolescents with excessive smartphone use. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, p.437. Chun, J.W., Park, C.H., Kim, J.Y., Choi, J., Cho, H., Jung, D.J., Ahn, K.J., Choi, J.S., Kim, D.J. and Choi, I.Y., 2020. Altered core networks of brain connectivity and personality traits in internet gaming disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(2), pp.298-311. Kheradmand, A., Amirlatifi, E.S. and Rahbar, Z., 2023. Personality traits of university students with smartphone addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, p.1083214.