Divanillin synthesis from vanillin by horseradish peroxidase in consideration of mathematical model and morphology of product

The use of assembly lines is one of the important approaches in mass production of industrial products. Imbalance of assembly lines increases cycle time and idle times, resulting in reduced production rates, line efficiency, and increased system costs, which ultimately lead to low productivity. A hybrid model assembly line is a type of production line on which various models of products are assembled. These assembly lines are increasingly accepted in the industry in order to overcome the diversity of customer demand. The hybrid model assembly line is able to respond quickly to sudden changes in demand for different models of a product without maintaining a large inventory.The purpose of this paper is to present a multi-objective integer linear mathematical programming model for balancing assembly lines, which is solved using the general criteria method. The three objective functions considered in this model are: (1) Minimizing cycle time (2) Minimize the idle time of each station and (3) increase the efficiency of the assembly line. In order to investigate the model, Iran-Shargh Neishabour Company has been considered as a case study. After implementing the proposed model of the paper, the results show the optimal performance of the proposed model and the studied parameters in line balancing have been significantly improved.

The fundamental and applied engineering knowledge required issues to develop stable and functional bioactive papers and paper fluidic devices for health and environmental diagnostics were investigated. Bioactive papers are designed to be wetted by a biofluid or some solution of interest; biomolecule retention and behaviour on paper must be maximized. Two enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were directly physisorbed on paper or retained on paper with a polymer. Three model polymers were investigated: a high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), an anionic polyacryilc acid (PAA) or a high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO). The reactivity and the thermal stability of enzymatic bioactive papers were quantified using an advanced colorimetric technique. The enzymes adsorbed on paper retained their functionality and selectivity. Adsorption on paper increased the enzyme thermal stability by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to the same enzyme in solution. The thermal degradation of the adsorbed enzyme follows two sequential first order reactions, indication of a reaction system. The model polymers used as retention aids were efficient at increasing the enzyme concentration on paper (by 50%) and to prevent enzyme desorption/leaching upon the rewetting of the paper. The polymers affect the thermal stability and the aging of ALP enzyme on paper; the rapid initial deactivation becomes predominant, while it was negligible for the enzyme simply physisorbed on paper. As a result, the thermal stability significantly decreases. A mathematical model predicting the enzymatic paper’s half-life time was developed. The reaction kinetics of ALP enzymatic paper reacting with its substrate was measured and shown to follow a first order reaction with respect to the enzyme concentration. ALP immobilized on paper has a reaction rate 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than the free ALP in buffer solution. No increase in reaction rate was achieved by immobilizing ALP on paper with polymer as retention aids; this suggests that enzyme orientation was not significantly affected through preferentially linking with its anionic or cationic groups. Paper bioassays to identify antigens and antibodies in a biofluid, such as blood, were investigated. Two series of experiments were performed. In the first, blood samples were mixed with different amounts of antibodies and a droplet of the mixture was deposited onto a paper strip. Agglutinated blood phase separated, with the red blood cells forming a distinct spot upon contact with paper while the serum wicked; in contrast, stable blood wicked uniformly. In the second series, blood droplets were deposited onto the paper strips pretreated with solutions of antibodies. The wicking of blood droplets on paper strips was characterized. Blood agglutination by interaction with a specific antibody caused a chromatographic separation. The concept of blood typing using a paper diagnostic was demonstrated with a prototype. The feasibility of thermal ink jet printing was demonstrated for the precise deposition of biomolecules on paper and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) with a protein (albumin-FITC) and an enzyme (HRP) as model biomolecules. Complex patterns of HRP and albumin-FITC were ink jet printed on paper. Microfluidic channels were also printed on paper to demonstrate the concept of paper based bioassays as diagnostic devices. Discreet and continuous concentration gradients of proteins on PCL scaffolds were achieved by ink jet printing; these protein concentration gradients can serve as potential guidance cues for cell growth generation in tissue engineering. Ink jet printing of biomolecules onto paper involves liquid-liquid interaction; acceptance of biomolecules on the porous surface is rather affected by the solid-liquid interaction. Both phenomena reduce print resolution. The liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interaction were quantified and modelled for sessile droplets. Satellite drops from the ink jet nozzle can form non-coalescence droplets (NCD), due to liquid-liquid interaction, and roll from their target. The Weber number (We) of falling liquid drops was used to quantify the NCD generation. To quantify the solid-liquid interaction, the liquid wicking of a droplet impacting an open V-groove at different velocities (groove angle, β= 60o, 90o, 120o) was studied. A new mathematical model was developed to calculate liquid wicking distance in V-groove. The dynamics of wetting of sessile liquid droplets impinging, at different impact velocities, a groove surface (120o) was investigated experimentally. The dynamics of V-groove wicking and wetting is important to optimize paper for ink jet printing and microfluidic devices.

Chlorophenol compounds pose a health risk to many organisms due to their toxicity. The present paper presents the estimation of the activation and deactivation energies and the optimum temperatures of 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The activities of horseradish peroxidase depending on temperature were analyzed. In a mathematical model, describing 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by HRP was assumed that both the 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation and the deactivation of HRP were first-order reactions by the enzyme concentration. The parameters of the optimum temperatures Topt, the activation energies Er, and the deactivation energies Ed in the process of 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation by HRP immobilized on a modified nanofibrous membrane were determined kd and t1/2 were determined for HRP immobilized at temperatures in the range of 25 °C to 75 °C. Likewise, thermodynamic parameters such as the change in the enthalpy ∆H#, change in entropy ∆S#, the change in Gibbs free energy ∆G# for native HPR and the change in the enthalpy ∆Hd#, change in entropy ∆Sd#, and the change in Gibbs free energy ∆Gd# for deactivated HRP were determined at 25 °C.

Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase in Ca-alginate beads: Evaluation of the enzyme leakage on the overall removal of an azo-dye and mathematical modeling

Sheep production systems face numerous challenges, which make decision-making a process fraught with risks and uncertainties. Modelling is a helpful tool in this respect, as it allows decision-makers to evaluate the behaviour of variables and their interrelationships, in addition to using previous or related information to predict results and simulate different scenarios. The advent of prediction models has made it possible to monitor the weight of an animal and determine the best time for its sale. Additionally, it allows producers to estimate the weights of the carcass and major marketable cuts before slaughter. All this information is directly associated with the profitability and success of the production activity. Therefore, in view of the different applications of mathematical models in production systems, this literature review examines concepts in modelling studies and the importance of using prediction models in meat sheep production. Furthermore, it addresses the practical application of modelling studies in predicting dry matter intake and carcass traits of meat sheep through correlated variables.

In this paper an in depth study is presented of the use of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme as a self-indicating biorecognition reagent in UV-vis molecular absorption spectrometry. The HRP/H2O2 reaction mechanism in the absence of an external substrate has been clarified, and the interaction between HRP and glucose oxidase (GOx) has been studied. It has been demonstrated that GOx can act as a substrate of HRP; in both cases the kinetic constants have been obtained and mathematical models have been developed. Second, the HRP/H2O2 reaction is used to follow a H2O2-producing enzymatic reaction, the glucose reaction with GOx being used as a model. As an application of this, two methodologies have been proposed for glucose determination: with or without previous incubation of glucose with GOx. In both cases mathematical models relating HRP absorbance changes to glucose concentration have been developed and tested; both methods have been optimized, analytically characterized, and tested for glucose determination in samples. The methodology described could be applied to other heme-proteins and to other H2O2-producing enzymatic reactions. The models permit the reaction constants to be calculated. From the analytical chemistry point of view the models allow the prediction of the method sensitivity for other analytes involved in this type of reaction if the kinetic constants are known and can be used in the design of optical sensors.

This paper gives an overview about how to locate uncertainty in product modelling within the development process. Therefore, the process of product modelling is systematized with the help of characteristics of product models and typical working steps to develop a product model. Based on that, it is possible to distinguish between product modelling uncertainty, mathematic modelling uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, simulation uncertainty and product model uncertainty.

This study aims to modify the 5th lean assembly line in order to include a new product model in a combi boiler producer company. After reviewing customers’ needs, company decides to produce a new product. New product model will be produced in the one of the existing lines in the plant. Most suitable line determined according to other product models job sequences’ similarity with new product models’. After the analysis of the production process, the changes and possible constraints for the 5th assembly line are determined. After that, solution procedures are developed, the required calculations are made and implemented. The solutions are developed by various techniques and approaches such as Bubble diagram, Value Stream Mapping, Lean Production, Line Balancing. Particularly, mathematical model, which is solved by IBM ILOG Optimization Studio programmed comprehensive analysis with a simulation model, which is conducted by Arena Simulation software, are presented in this study. The outcomes of the solutions are simulated, compared and automatized. At the end, three options are provided for the 5th lean line to include a new product type while continuing the production process with the current products.

Oxidation converts low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into a cytotoxin in vitro. Oxidized LDL exists in vivo in atherosclerotic lesions and possibly in plasma. Many cell functions are altered in vitro by oxidized LDL, but few have been examined in vivo. To test whether oxidized LDL could injure endothelial cells and alter endothelial permeability to macromolecules in vivo, we infused oxidized LDL, native LDL, or their solvent intravenously into rats. Subsequently, endothelial cell injury and proliferation were measured, and the transport into the aorta wall of the macromolecule horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was quantified. Transport data were analyzed using mathematical models of macromolecular transport; parameters were estimated by optimally fitting model-predicted HRP concentrations to experimental data. Compared with native LDL or solvent control infusion, oxidized LDL infusion increased (1) the number of injured aortic endothelial cells fivefold to sixfold at 36 hours, (2) proliferation of endothelial cells at 48 hours, (3) intimal and medial accumulations of HRP twofold to threefold at 48 hours, and (4) the permeability coefficient of the endothelium to HRP fourfold to fivefold at 48 hours. Hence, oxidized LDL administered in vivo can injure the endothelium, despite the presence of endogenous antioxidants, compromising the function of the endothelium as a permeability barrier.

The remodeling process of the arterial wall in atherosclerosis involves intimal thickening, which can be related to the barrier functions of the endothelial cell layer (ECL) and internal elastic lamina (IEL) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a tracer. To evaluate the ECL and IEL permeabilities (PECL and PIEL, respectively) and intimal transport parameters, e.g., apparent HRP velocity (VI) and diffusivity, we compared simulations with a mathematical model to experimental data. In this study, we injected HRP into the vein of apolipoprotein E-null mice and measured HRP concentration profiles in lesioned areas of aortas. Lesion size was characterized by lower, middle, and upper ranges of the intimal/medial thickness (deltaI/deltaM): 0<deltaI/deltaM<or=0.5, 0.5<deltaI/deltaM<or=1.0, and deltaI/deltaM>1.0. The PECL (in micrometers per minute) of 5-mo-old mice in the middle range (0.98+/-0.14) was significantly greater than that in the lower range (0.21+/-0.03) but not significantly different from mice in the upper range (0.99+/-0.55). The PECL of 12-mo-old mice increased significantly with the relative intimal thickness: 0.27+/-0.04 in the lower range, 1.12+/-0.15 in the middle range, and 1.74+/-0.24 in the upper range. In both age groups, VI (in micrometers per minute) increased significantly from lower to upper ranges of intimal thickness. However, PIEL did not change significantly with relative intimal thickness and age. In the upper range of intimal thickness, PECL and VI were significantly greater in 12-mo-old mice than in 5-mo-old mice. These data indicate an interaction between lesion growth and aging that leads to progressive loss in the integrity of the endothelial barrier function. Furthermore, the IEL is not a significant barrier between the intima and tunica media in the atherosclerotic process.

Theintracellular environment in which biological reactions occuris crowded with macromolecules and subdivided into microenvironmentsthat differ in both physical properties and chemical composition.The work described here combines experimental and computational modelsystems to help understand the consequences of this heterogeneousreaction media on the outcome of coupled enzyme reactions. Our experimentalmodel system for solution heterogeneity is a biphasic polyethyleneglycol (PEG)/sodium citrate aqueous mixture that provides coexistingPEG-rich and citrate-rich phases. Reaction kinetics for the coupledenzyme reaction between glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase(HRP) were measured in the PEG/citrate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS).Enzyme kinetics differed between the two phases, particularly forthe HRP. Both enzymes, as well as the substrates glucose and H2O2, partitioned to the citrate-rich phase; however,the Amplex Red substrate necessary to complete the sequential reactionpartitioned strongly to the PEG-rich phase. Reactions in ATPS werequantitatively described by a mathematical model that incorporatedmeasured partitioning and kinetic parameters. The model was then extendedto new reaction conditions, i.e., higher enzyme concentration. Bothexperimental and computational results suggest mass transfer acrossthe interface is vital to maintain the observed rate of product formation,which may be a means of metabolic regulation in vivo. Although outcomesfor a specific system will depend on the particulars of the enzymereactions and the microenvironments, this work demonstrates how coupledenzymatic reactions in complex, heterogeneous media can be understoodin terms of a mathematical model.

In this work, a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto diatomites by covalent bonding. Results indicated that the enzyme loading increased when diatomites were modified with (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde. The immobilization was confirmed by SEM/EDX, XRD, DRIFT, and TGA analysis. Higher HRP concentrations of the immobilization solution and immobilization time had also a positive effect on the enzyme loading. Orange II (OII) adsorption onto diatomites and oxidative catalytic activity was evaluated. Results demonstrated that diatomites had a low OII adsorption capacity. However, under the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the dye removal was highly increased due to the catalytic activity of the immobilized HRP. A mathematical model that adequately describes the simultaneous adsorption and enzymatic oxidation of OII in batch tests was developed. Finally, immobilized diatomites were tested in the decolourization reaction of Orange II in a fixed-bed column reactor. Column results demonstrated that the immobilized HRP remained active for at least 12 h during three sequential OII removal tests.

Members of the chloride channels, calcium-activated (CLCA) family of proteins and in particular the murine mCLCA3 (alias gob-5) and its human ortholog hCLCA1 have been identified as clinically relevant molecules in diseases with secretory dysfunctions including asthma and cystic fibrosis. Initial studies have indicated that these proteins evoke a calcium-activated chloride conductance when transfected into human embryonic kidney cells 293 cells. However, it is not yet clear whether the CLCA proteins form chloride channels per se or function as mediators of other, yet unknown chloride channels. Here, we present a systematic biochemical analysis of the posttranslational processing and intracellular trafficking of the mCLCA3 protein. Pulse-chase experiments after metabolic protein labeling of mCLCA3-transfected COS-1 or human embryonic kidney 293 cells revealed cleavage of a primary 110-kDa mCLCA3 translation product in the endoplasmic reticulum into a 75-kDa amino-terminal and a 35-kDa carboxyl-terminal protein that were glycosylated and remained physically associated with each other. Confocal fluorescent analyses identified both cleavage products in vesicles of the secretory pathway. Neither cleavage product was associated with the cell membrane at any time. Instead, both subunits were fully secreted into the extracellular environment as a soluble complex of two glycoproteins. These results suggest that the two mCLCA3 cleavage products cannot form an anion channel on their own but may instead act as extracellular signaling molecules. Furthermore, our results point toward significant structural differences between mCLCA3 and its human ortholog, hCLCA1, which is thought to be a single, non-integral membrane protein.

Modeling is the primary point to conveying product characteristics. Accurately capturing the image needs of users for modeling is an important way to effectively improve product design efficiency. Quantitative theory type I is a method to solve the internal law between the user’s target image and the product modeling characteristics by building a mathematical model. Aiming at the problems of abundant product modeling design elements, diversified combination methods, and high design cost due to the subjective ambiguity of user images, a topological design method of product modeling based on quantification theory I is proposed. This method uses the semantic difference method and statistical method to obtain the quantitative data of perceptual semantic features of product modeling to represent the explicit and implicit needs of users. Based on the topological transformation, the topological analysis and modeling of the two types of requirements are carried out. The mapping model of product modeling features and style images is constructed using quantitative theory type I, and the topologic value of each modeling design element is calculated. The above method can effectively solve the mapping problem between product modeling features and style images. On this basis, this research provides a decision-making basis for product modeling design. Using a wine jug as a product exemplar for this research, the scheme design and evaluation are carried out to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the product modeling topological design method.

Color is a very important visual feature used in computer vision and image processing. Compared with grayscale images, color images can provide richer information. However, the direct extension of grayscale image algorithms to color is not always straightforward. Usually, Mathematical Morphology (MM) is based on lattice theory; therefore, the most elementary requirement to define morphological color operators was thought to establish an ordering of the space of the pixel intensities. Several attempts have been made, and different approaches have been presented in the last years, aiming at building a fuzzy mathematical morphology model. The situation has become more complex when trying to apply fuzzy set theory in color images because of the existence of many different ordering schemes and different definitions for the basic morphological operators. The use of fuzzy set theory is appropriate to manage the imprecision in color description. Moreover, in practical applications, it is usual to work with different color terms, whose number and design depend on the application itself. In this sense, the concept of linguistic color space is useful, among other things, for representing the set of fuzzy colors that are relevant to a certain application. In this article, we propose a novel definition of linguistic w-operators of the mathematical color morphology using diffuse definitions of color spaces, based on the original idea of ​​binary morphology without the need to establish a grid or an order. This innovative proposal allows to reduce the ambiguity in the color description and avoid false colors.