Distributional concerns above all? Exploring perceptions of the fairness and effectiveness of demand-side push measures in leisure air travel

Aviation can reduce its climate impact by controlling its CO2-emission and non-CO2 effects, e.g., aviation-induced contrail-cirrus and ozone caused by nitrogen oxide emissions. One option is the implementation of operational measures that aim to avoid those atmospheric regions that are in particular sensitive to non-CO2 aviation effects, e.g., where persistent contrails form. The quantitative estimates of mitigation potentials of such climate-optimized aircraft trajectories are required, when working towards sustainable aviation. The results are presented from a comprehensive modelling approach when aiming to identify such climate-optimized aircraft trajectories. The overall concept relies on a multi-dimensional environmental change function concept, which is capable of providing climate impact information to air traffic management (ATM). Estimates on overall climate impact reduction from a one-day case study are presented that rely on the best estimate for climate impact information. Specific weather situation that day, containing regions with high contrail impact, results in a potential reduction of total climate impact, by more than 40%, when considering CO2 and non-CO2 effects, associated with an increase of fuel by about 0.5%. The climate impact reduction per individual alternative trajectory shows a strong variation and, hence, also the mitigation potential for an analyzed city pair, depending on atmospheric characteristics along the flight corridor as well as flight altitude. The robustness of proposed climate-optimized trajectories is assessed by using a range of different climate metrics. A more sustainable ATM needs to integrate comprehensive environmental impacts and associated forecast uncertainties into route optimization in order to identify robust eco-efficient trajectories.

Climate impact of anthropogenic activities is more and more of public concern. But while CO2 emissions are accounted in emissions trading and mitigation plans, emissions of non-CO2 components contributing to climate change receive much less attention. One of the anthropogenic emission sectors, where non-CO2 effects play an important part, is aviation. Hence, for a quantitative estimate of total aviation climate impact, assessments need to comprise both CO2 and non-CO2 effects (e.g., water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and contrails), instead of calculating and providing only CO2 impacts. However, while a calculation of CO2 effects relies directly on fuel consumption, for non-CO2 effects detailed information on aircraft trajectory, engine emissions, and ambient atmospheric conditions are required. As often such comprehensive information is not available for all aircraft movements, a simplified calculation method is required to calculate non-CO2 impacts. In our study, we introduce a simple calculation method which allows quantifying climate assessment relying on mission parameters, involving distance and geographic flight region. We present a systematic analysis of simulated climate impact from more than 1000 city pairs with an Airbus A330-200 aircraft depending on the flight distance and flight region to derive simplified but still realistic representation of the non-CO2 climate effects. These new formulas much better represent the climate impact of non-CO2 effects compared to a constant CO2 multiplier. The mean square error decrease from 1.18 for a constant factor down to 0.24 for distance dependent factors and can be reduced even further to 0.19 for a distance and latitude dependent factor.

This study developed and tested a model of survivors' fairness perceptions. Data on leader‐member relations and affective commitment was collected from 217 R&D professionals approximately 15 months prior to a major layoff. A second wave of data assessed source of layoff announcement, legitimacy of the organizational account, and procedural and distributive fairness 1 month after the layoff occurred. Results of path analysis confirmed hypothesized relationships, and the variance accounted for in distributive and procedural fairness was 24% and 48%, respectively. Procedural fairness was higher for survivors who were informed of impending layoffs by their managers. However, this effect was stronger for high than for low leader‐member exchange (LMX) employees. Legitimacy of the account was positively related to procedural fairness. Distributive fairness was indirectly related to the independent variables through procedural fairness. Affective commitment of 78 of the original respondents was assessed approximately 24 months after the layoff. Post‐layoff affective commitment was significantly related to procedural but not to distributive fairness perceptions. The findings underscore the critical role of direct supervisors in layoff announcements as well as providing evidence of the long‐term effects of procedural fairness on survivor commitment.

Based on the fairness theory, this paper takes perceived fairness as an intermediary variable to study the impact of online service recovery on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. In the research process, the service recovery is divided into three dimensions of material recovery, spiritual recovery and positive responsiveness, and the perceived fairness is divided into three dimensions of distributive fairness, procedure fairness and interaction fairness. The corresponding scales are designed for questionnaire survey and data analysis, it can explore the impact of perceived fairness as a mediating variable on service recovery and customer satisfaction; the impact of perceived fairness as a mediating variable on service recovery and repurchase intention; and the impact of customer satisfaction on repurchase intention. Finally, the following findings and conclusions are drawn: material recovery and spiritual recovery positively affect distributive, procedural and interactive fairness, while positive responsiveness has no significant impact on distributive fairness, and only positively affects procedural fairness and interactive fairness; distributive, procedural and interactive fairness are equally positively affects customer satisfaction, but has no significant effect on repurchase intention ; customer satisfaction positively affects repurchase intention. Based on the above conclusions, enterprises can increase their emphasis on service recovery, and at the same time pay attention to the fairness of service recovery, treat all consumers fairly, formulate a recovery plan that satisfies consumers for them to choose, increase customer satisfaction, and increase repurchases ratio, thereby improving corporate performance.

The present research isolates the fairness assessment of the process used by the retailer to set a price, as well as the distributive fairness of the price compared to the price that others are offered, and examines the combined effect of procedural fairness and distributive fairness on overall price fairness. Two experimental studies examine procedural and distributive fairness effects on overall price fairness. In study 1, procedural fairness and distributive fairness are manipulated and found to interact to bring about overall price fairness. In study 2, suspicion toward the seller is found to mediate the relationship between procedural fairness and overall price fairness when the price is disadvantageous.

PurposeThis research proposes studying how consumers' familiarity with products impacts the degree to which consumers are sensitive to a seller's violation of procedural fairness norms in pricing. Past research has either studied the role of familiarity or the role of fairness in influencing consumer behavior. However, it is unclear how familiarity and fairness combine to influence consumer behavior. The present research proposes filling this gap.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment is designed to manipulate consumers' perceptions of procedural fairness of a seller's pricing tactic, and consumers' levels of familiarity with a product. Each variable is manipulated to be either high or low. Thus, outcomes are observed for four purchase conditions.FindingsResults indicate that the degree to which consumers rely on procedural fairness to evaluate a product is related to consumers' level of familiarity with a product. Consumers who are less familiar with a product are more likely to rely on procedural fairness to form purchase intentions. Also, unlike their more knowledgeable counterparts, consumers who are less familiar with a product are more likely to equate procedural fairness with perceived quality.Research limitations/implicationsThe research stresses the need to differentiate between the roles played by procedural and distributive fairness in shaping consumer behavior. The authors study only procedural fairness, but a natural next step for future research is to study simultaneously the role of both facets of fairness.Practical implicationsThe results of our study underscore the importance of following procedural fairness norms especially for retailers who deal in product categories where the pace of innovation is so rapid that it creates a large dispersion in knowledge of product attributes among consumers. The study' findings suggest that in such situations, consumers may rely excessively on cues that signal a seller's adherence to or violation of social norms relevant to business practices. Thus, the authors encourage sellers to monitor keenly levels of product knowledge among their customer base. This would enable sellers to identify situations that merit an enhanced sensitivity to upholding social norms such as procedural fairness.Originality/valueThe paper brings to attention the interaction between consumers' familiarity with a product and procedural fairness in pricing. Although an expectation of procedural fairness underlies all exchanges this research identifies consumers' familiarity as a variable that influences the degree to which procedural fairness is relied on in shaping consumer behavior.

PurposeEmpirical evidence from governmental budgeting and related organizational decision‐making contexts suggests that program heads will be less likely to leave their governmental unit when they feel that governmental budgeting is fair. The purpose of this study is to examine relationships between three forms of fairness in governmental budgeting – distributive fairness, procedural fairness, and interactional fairness – and program heads' intention to leave the governmental unit.Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaire data were gathered from 87 US federal government program heads with budget responsibility and analyzed with multiple regression.FindingsInteractional budgetary fairness had a significant and positive unique relationship with intent to leave after controlling for the other two forms of budgetary fairness and three demographic variables. Neither distributive budgetary fairness nor procedural budgetary fairness had a significant unique relationship with intent to leave.Practical implicationsBudgetary decision makers and budget staff in governmental units can reduce program heads' intention to leave the governmental unit by promoting interactional budgetary fairness through steps such as treating the program heads with kindness and respect during budgeting and providing clear and adequate explanations for budgetary decisions.Originality/valueThis study is the first to examine relationships between the three forms of organizational decision‐making fairness and turnover intention in a governmental budgeting context.

Aviation is responsible for approximately 5% of global warming and is expected to increase substantially in the future. Given the continuing expansion of air traffic, mitigation of aviation’s climate impact becomes challenging but imperative. Among various mitigation options, hybrid-electric aircraft (HEA) have drawn intensive attention due to their considerable potential in reducing greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., CO2). However, the non-CO2 effects (especially contrails) of HEA on climate change are more challenging to assess. As the first step to understanding the climate impact of HEA, this research investigates the effects on the formation of persistent contrails when flying with HEA. The simulation is performed using an Earth System Model (EMAC) coupled with a submodel (CONTRAIL), where the contrail formation criterion, the Schmidt–Appleman criterion (SAC), is adapted to globally estimate changes in the potential contrail coverage (PCC). We compared the HEA to conventional (reference) aircraft with the same characteristics, except for the propulsion system. The analysis showed that the temperature threshold of contrail formation for HEA is lower; therefore, conventional reference aircraft can form contrails at lower flight altitudes, whereas the HEA does not. For a given flight altitude, with a small fraction of electric power in use (less than 30%), the potential contrail coverage remained nearly unchanged. As the electric power fraction increased, the reduction in contrail formation was mainly observed in the mid-latitudes (30° N and 40° S) or tropical regions and was very much localized with a maximum value of about 40% locally. The analysis of seasonal effects showed that in non-summer, the reduction in contrail formation using electric power was more pronounced at lower flight altitudes, whereas in summer the changes in PCC were nearly constant with respect to altitude.

The aim this research to examine of the relationships between budget participation that influence manager’s propensity to create budget slack: procedural and distributive fairness, managerial trust, and budget goal commitment as intervening variable. The results show that budget participation impacts both procedural fairness and distributive fairness which, affect trust. Both, procedural and distributive fairness, are found to have a significant impact on budget goal commitment, and negatively influences managers’ propensity to create slack. Further analyses indicatethat the direct relationship between budget participation and manager’s propensity to create slack was insignificant, which suggests that fairness and goal commitment mediate the relationship between budget participation and manager’s propensity to create slack.Keywords: Budget, Distributive Fairness, Procedural Fairness, Trust, GoalCommitment, Budget Slack.

Aviation as an important transport sector contributes to anthropogenic climate change via CO2 effects and non-CO2 effects. Non-CO2 effects include e.g., effects from NOx emissions, H2O emissions and the formation of contrails. Mitigation options include optimization of aircraft operations, e.g., re-routing, and optimization of the aircraft design, while this work focuses on the second option via providing a model for aircraft design optimization. Furthermore, we take CO2 and non-CO2 effects into account.Previous research (e.g. Grewe et al., 2014) investigated the optimization of aircraft operations with the use of climate cost functions. With these functions, the climate impact per unit non-CO2 emission/flown distance is described depending on the type of emission, the emission location and corresponding time. An equivalent model for aircraft design purposes is currently missing. It has to cover a suitable route network with emission locations and altitudes to be able to optimize regarding the climate impact of CO2 and non-CO2 effects. Within the EU Clean Sky 2 project GLOWOPT, this concept is applied for aircraft design features, presented as climate functions for aircraft design (CFAD).Here, we present the development routine for the CFAD. As input, emission inventories based on a long-range aircraft (A350 as baseline in this study) are used. The emission inventories cover a set of climb angles and final cruise altitudes to combine both the aircraft design parameter and geographical information of emissions. The climate impact is calculated with the climate-chemistry response model AirClim (Grewe and Stenke, 2008; Dahlmann et al., 2016) to create a response surface. The climate metric Average Temperature Response with a time horizon of 100 years is used as a measure for the climate impact. The created response surface, the CFAD, can be integrated in the aircraft design process to optimize the aircraft design. The CFAD are to be verified with additional emission inventories to evaluate the accuracy.Grewe, V., Frömming, C., Matthes, S., Brinkop, S., Ponater, M., Dietmüller, S., Jöckel, P., Garny, H., Tsati, E., Dahlmann, K., Søvde, O. A., Fuglestvedt, J., Berntsen, T. K., Shine, K. P., Irvine, E. A., Champougny, T., and Hullah, P.: Aircraft routing with minimal climate impact: the REACT4C climate cost function modelling approach (V1.0), Geoscientific Model Development, 7, 175–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-175-2014, 2014.Grewe, V. and Stenke, A.: AirClim: an efficient tool for climate evaluation of aircraft technology, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 4621–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4621-2008, 2008.Dahlmann, K., Grewe, V., Frömming, C., and Burkhardt, U.: Can we reliably assess climate mitigation options for air traffic scenarios despite large uncertainties in atmospheric processes?, Transportation Research Part D, 46, 40-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.006, 2016.

Simulation and evaluation of sustainable climate trajectories for aviation

In a variety of settings, procedures that permit predecision input by those affected by the decision in question have been found to have positive effects on fairness judgments, independent of the favorability of the decision. Two major models of the psychology of procedural justice make contrary predictions about whether repeated negative outcomes attenuate such input effects. If such attenuation occurs, it would lessen the applicability of procedural justice findings to some real-world settings, such as organizations, where procedures often provide repeated negative outcomes. The present laboratory investigation examined the procedural and distributive fairness justments produced by high- and low-input performance evaluation procedures under conditions of repeated negative outcomes. Thirty-five three-person groups of male undergraduates participated in a three-round competition. Groups either were or were not allowed to specify the relative weights to be given to two criteria used in evaluating their performance. All groups received negative outcomes on each of the three rounds. A second experimental factor varied whether or not the group learned after losing the second round that it could not possibly win the third and final round of the competition. Measures of procedural and distributive fairness showed that the high-input procedure led to judgments of greater procedural and distributive fairness across all three rounds. The input-based enhancement of fairness occurred regardless of whether reward was possible. The implications of these findings for theories of procedural justice and for applications of procedural justice to organizational settings are discussed.

Previous research (Platow, Hoar, Reid, Harley, & Morrison, 1997) showed that the difference in the strength of endorsements provided for a distributively fair over an unfair leader in interpersonal contexts attenuates when the unfairness is ingroup-favoring in intergroup contexts. We extended this to the realm of procedural fairness, and manipulated a leader's distributive fairness, procedural fairness, and the interpersonal versus intergroup context of these behaviors. Results revealed independent intergroup attenuation effects as a function of distributive and procedural fairness; procedural fairness did not moderate the distributive fairness by social context interaction. These findings are discussed within a social identity framework.

While there is substantial research examining how recipients react to allocations that vary in procedural fairness (Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter, & Ng, 2001), previous research has not examined how those dividing resources among themselves and others manipulate procedural fairness (Tyler & Smith, 1998). In this paper, we introduce a measure that allows us to compare procedural fairness across resource allocations, and we use an experimental procedure in which participants vary the procedural fairness of their allocations. In three studies, we show that those dividing resources make proactive tradeoffs between distributive and procedural fairness. Participants increased the procedural fairness of their allocations when they knew recipients would observe their procedures, but they were less likely to divide the resources equally among recipients. The decreased emphasis on distributive fairness when procedures were observable resulted in higher joint outcomes, suggesting that the observability of procedures has important implications for the efficiency of resource allocation in groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of the present study is to probe the possible moderating role of perceived transparency on the relationship between service fairness and customer loyalty. A total of 215 copies of questionnaire were distributed to the customers of pension fund administrators in Kano state. Valid responses were analysed using SPSS version 20 and Smart PLS 3.0 applications. Findings from the study supported the four hypothesized main relationships, while the remaining three moderating relationships were rejected. Specifically, distributive fairness, procedural fairness, interactional fairness and perceived transparency were found to be positively and significantly related to customer loyalty. In other words, they were found to be the predictors of customer loyalty. Interestingly, the moderating role of perceived transparency on the relationship between distributive, procedural and interactional fairness and customer loyalty was not found to be significant. The implications of the finding are discussed and the study recommended that Pension Fund Administrators and the National Pension Commission hire competent staff with exceptional relationship management skills and simply the documentation processes for accessing retirement benefits. It is also recommended that the National Pension Commission increases its surveillance in the entire industry and devise means of measuring customer satisfaction.