Abstract
This paper aims to investigate energy management of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid with the high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as electrical vehicles, heat pumps, and photovoltaics. In the previous studies, energy management of the hybrid microgrid is usually carried out by the system operator in a centralized manner, which suffers from the compromise of privacy information protection and the risk of single‐point failure. Therefore, this paper proposes a distributed energy management scheme of the hybrid microgrid using the projection function‐based alternating direction method of multipliers (P‐ADMM), which allows each subgrid, i.e., AC subgrid and DC subgrid, to make day‐ahead schedules independently with information exchanges while obtaining the optimal energy management solution. The energy management problem of the hybrid microgrid is formulated as a mixed‐integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model, considering DER and energy storage system operation constraints, system operation constraints, and converter operation constraints. Then, the MIQP model is decomposed and distributed into smaller‐scale QP models between subgrids using the P‐ADMM algorithm, which can handle binary variables through projection functions. The numerical results conducted on the hybrid microgrid demonstrate that the proposed distributed scheme can effectively achieve optimal energy management for the hybrid AC/DC microgrid in a distributed manner.
Highlights
Academic Editor: Chun Wei is paper aims to investigate energy management of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid with the high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as electrical vehicles, heat pumps, and photovoltaics
Introduction e next-generation distribution system involves the massive deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as electrical vehicles (EVs), heat pumps (HPs), and photovoltaics (PVs) [1]
Microgrids can be put into three main categories according to the voltage type: (1) AC microgrids, (2) DC microgrids, and (3) hybrid AC/DC microgrids [3]. e hybrid AC/DC microgrid separates the AC and DC power supplies and loads, with the AC bus and DC bus linked through a bidirectional converter (BC) [4]
Summary
Equations (2) and (3) are active power balance equations of the AC subgrid and DC subgrid, respectively, where Nh and Ne are sets of HPs and EVs, respectively; pdt ta is the power transferring from the DC side to the AC from the side at hour t and pattd is AC side to the DC side the power at hour t; transferring pAt C_L is the conventional AC charging power of load consumption; the ith EV at hour t; pphi,eitp,vt is the EV is the power consumption of the ith heat pump at hour t; petc and petd are the ESS charging and discharging power, respectively; ppt v is the PV generation power; and ηdta and ηatd are power transfer coefficients. Constraint (16) is the ESS SOC level constraint, where Eets,min and Eets,max are the minimum and maximum limits of the ESS SOC level
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