Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in the dynamic growth of each cell through different conditions. It seems that this intracellular mechanism acts as a two-edged sword against the numerous cell insults. Previously, autophagy was described in the context of cell activity and behavior, but little knowledge exists related to the role of autophagy in endothelial cells, progenitors, and stem cells biology from different tissues. Angiogenic behavior of endothelial lineage and various stem cells are touted as an inevitable feature in the restoration of different damaged tissues and organs. This capacity was found to be dictated by autophagy signaling pathway. This review article highlights the fundamental role of cell autophagic response in endothelial cells function, stem cells dynamic, and differentiation rate. It seems that elucidation of the mechanisms related to pro- and/or anti-angiogenic potential of autophagy inside endothelial cells and stem cells could help us to modulate stem cell therapeutic feature post-transplantation.
Highlights
Autophagy plays a critical role in the dynamic growth of each cell through different conditions
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) depletion contributes to the activation of MEK/ERK/TSC2 transition from the LIF/STAT3-induced pluripotent state to the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2/ERK-committed differentiation governed by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling activation [39]
The tumor progression and metastasis could be enhanced by promoting angiogenesis under pathological conditions [116]. This phenomenon could participate in the healing of different organs and respond to the demands of tissues and organs under pathological and physiological conditions [117]. It seems that the angiogenesis potential of Stem cells (SCs) has a critical role to accelerate restoration of injured tissues which is governed via cell differentiation into endothelial lineage and releasing different pro-angiogenic factors via paracrine manner [118]
Summary
Autophagy plays a critical role in the dynamic growth of each cell through different conditions. Similar to other stem cell types, the critical role of FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4 have been documented on the dynamics of murine NSCs. For instance, in FOXO1, FOXO3, and FOXO4 null mice, oxidative stress and uncontrolled ROS production abrogated NSCs’ proliferation and inhibited the NSC differentiation potential [66].
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