Abstract
In this paper, we distinguish between the Doppler effects for spontaneously emitted photons and continuously emitted waves. Under certain plausible assumptions, electron orbits can be modeled for simple atomic systems and such studies show that all permissible electron trajectories correspond to elliptical orbits. From the conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum, in conjunction with the geometrical model of electron orbits, we derive the Doppler effect for spontaneously emitted photons that is quite different from the one used for continuously generated waves. All astronomical redshifts are currently interpreted by assuming the incoming radiation to be continuously emitted waves. Therefore, widely-observed redshift in radiation from most astronomical sources is interpreted to imply the expanding universe, along with cosmological expansion of space. However, for the spontaneously emitted photons, we show that the photons emitted in forward direction parallel to the emitter velocity get redshifted. That means, the astronomical redshift implies that the emission sources are moving towards the observer and our universe is not expanding. All high redshift astronomical objects are likely to be physically disrupted through dynamic instabilities or explosions and their high redshifts are associated with relativistic shock waves propagating towards the observer. Hence the proposed Doppler effect for the spontaneously emitted photons dismisses the cosmological expansion of space and supports a steady state universe.
Highlights
The Doppler effect and spectroscopic analysis have played a significant role in the development of our current understanding of the universe
Such model studies show (Sandhu, 2009) that somewhat akin to Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic model, all permissible electron trajectories correspond to elliptical orbits
Electron orbits can be modeled for simple atomic systems and such studies show that all permissible electron trajectories correspond to elliptical orbits
Summary
The Doppler effect and spectroscopic analysis have played a significant role in the development of our current understanding of the universe. The Doppler effect refers to change in frequency of a wave associated with relative velocity between the emitter, detector and the wave propagating medium or free space. As per our current understanding, the Doppler effect is associated with continuously emitted waves. In this study we are mainly concerned with the phenomenon of spontaneous emission of discrete photons from moving emitters and spontaneous absorption of discrete photons in detectors under various states of their motion. As such our focus in this study will be to examine the Doppler change in photon frequency due to change in absolute motion (Sandhu, 2012) of the emitter or detector. Further we shall examine whether such change in the frequency of emitted or absorbed photons is linked to the corresponding changes in the electron transition energies
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